Free Essays on Attorney-Client Privilege

The court's holding in Goldberger was not absolute, it acknowledged the possibility of special circumstances under which the disclosure of client- identifying information may be privileged. This narrow exception, however, does not apply to the plaintiff here. Special circumstances under which client- identity and fee information would be privileged exist when there is a direct link between the disclosure and the revelation of a confidential communication, or when the disclosure of client-identifying information would directly incriminate the client by providing the last link in an existing chain of evidence against the client. U.S. v. Goldberger U.S. v. Sindel, 53 F.3d 874 (8th Cir. 1995); U.S. v. Leventhal, 961 F.2d 936, 940 (11th Cir. 1992); Cf. U.S. v. Dichne, 612 F.2d 632, 640-641 (2d Cir. 1979). No such circumstances exist here. Plaintiff has not made any showing that including the client-identifying information omitted from the 8300 Form filed in July 1993 would reveal a confi dential communication or constitute the last link in a chain of incriminating evidence against its client. Thus, the information necessary to file a complete 8300 Form was not protected from disclosure under Goldberger, and the attorney-client privilege does not provide grounds upon which plaintiff can base its claim of reasonable cause warranting a waiver of the penalty assessed against it by the IRS.... Free Essays on Attorney-Client Privilege Free Essays on Attorney-Client Privilege The court's holding in Goldberger was not absolute, it acknowledged the possibility of special circumstances under which the disclosure of client- identifying information may be privileged. This narrow exception, however, does not apply to the plaintiff here. Special circumstances under which client- identity and fee information would be privileged exist when there is a direct link between the disclosure and the revelation of a confidential communication, or when the disclosure of client-identifying information would directly incriminate the client by providing the last link in an existing chain of evidence against the client. U.S. v. Goldberger U.S. v. Sindel, 53 F.3d 874 (8th Cir. 1995); U.S. v. Leventhal, 961 F.2d 936, 940 (11th Cir. 1992); Cf. U.S. v. Dichne, 612 F.2d 632, 640-641 (2d Cir. 1979). No such circumstances exist here. Plaintiff has not made any showing that including the client-identifying information omitted from the 8300 Form filed in July 1993 would reveal a confi dential communication or constitute the last link in a chain of incriminating evidence against its client. Thus, the information necessary to file a complete 8300 Form was not protected from disclosure under Goldberger, and the attorney-client privilege does not provide grounds upon which plaintiff can base its claim of reasonable cause warranting a waiver of the penalty assessed against it by the IRS....

Biography of Prince Albert, Husband of Queen Victoria

Biography of Prince Albert, Husband of Queen Victoria Prince Albert (August 26, 1819- December 13, 1861) was a German prince who married Britains Queen Victoria and helped spark an era of technological innovation as well as personal style. Albert initially was seen by the British as an interloper in British society, but his intelligence, interest in inventions, and capability in diplomatic affairs made him a respected figure. Albert, who eventually held the title prince consort, died in 1861 at age 42, leaving Victoria a widow whose trademark attire became the black of mourning. Fast Facts: Prince Albert Known For: Husband of Queen Victoria, statesmanAlso Known As: Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-GothaBorn: August 26, 1819 in Rosenau, GermanyParents: Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-AltenburgDied: December 13, 1861 in Windsor,  Berkshire, EnglandEducation: University of BonnSpouse: Queen VictoriaChildren: Victoria Adelaide Mary, Albert Edward, Alice Maud Mary, Alfred Ernest Albert, Helena Augusta Victoria, Louise Caroline Alberta, Arthur William Patrick, Leopold George Duncan, Beatrice Mary VictoriaNotable Quote: I am only the husband, and not the master in the house. Early Life Albert was born on Aug. 26, 1819, in Rosenau, Germany. He was the second son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Luise Pauline Charlotte Friederike Auguste, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, and was greatly influenced by his uncle Leopold, who became king of Belgium in 1831. As a teenager, Albert traveled to Britain and met Princess Victoria, who was his first cousin and nearly his age. They were friendly but Victoria was not impressed with the young Albert, who was shy and awkward. He attended the University of Bonn in Germany. The British were interested in finding a suitable husband for the young princess who was to ascend to the throne. British political tradition decreed that a monarch could not marry a commoner, and the British pool of appropriate candidates was small, so Victorias future husband would have to come from European royalty. A flirtation with Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, heir to the Russian throne, was heartfelt and mutual, but marriage was deemed strategically, politically, and geographically impossible, so matchmakers looked elsewhere. Alberts relatives on the continent, including King Leopold of Belgium, essentially steered the young man toward becoming Victorias husband. In 1839, two years after Victoria became queen, Albert returned to England. She proposed marriage and he accepted. Marriage Queen Victoria married Albert on February 10, 1840, at St. James Palace in London. At first, the British public and the aristocracy thought little of Albert. While he was born of European royalty, his family was not wealthy or powerful. He was often portrayed as someone marrying for prestige or money. Albert was quite intelligent, however, and was devoted to helping his wife serve as monarch. Over time he became an indispensable aide to the queen, advising her on political and diplomatic affairs. Victoria and Albert had nine children, and by all accounts, their marriage was very happy. They loved being together, sometimes sketching or listening to music. The royal family was portrayed as the ideal family, and setting an example for the British public was considered a major part of their role. Albert also contributed to a tradition familiar to Americans. His German family brought trees into the house at Christmas, and he introduced that tradition to Britain. The Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a fashion in Britain that was carried across the ocean. Career In their early years of marriage, Albert was frustrated that Victoria didnt assign him tasks that he felt were up to his abilities. He wrote to a friend that he was only the husband, not the master in the house. Albert busied himself with his interests in music and hunting, but he eventually became involved in serious matters of statesmanship. In 1848, when much of Europe was shaken by the revolutionary movement, Albert cautioned that the rights of working people had to be seriously considered. He was a progressive voice at a crucial time. Thanks to Alberts interest in technology, he was the main force behind the Great Exhibition of 1851, a grand show of science and inventions held at a stunning new edifice in London, the Crystal Palace. The exhibition, intended to showcase how society was being changed for the better by science and technology, was a great success. Throughout the 1850s, Albert was often deeply involved in the affairs of state. He was known for clashing with Lord Palmerston, a highly influential British politician who served as foreign minister and also prime minister. In the mid-1850s, when Albert cautioned against the Crimean War against Russia, some in Britain accused him of being pro-Russian. While Albert was influential, for the first 15 years of his marriage he did not receive a royal title from Parliament. Victoria was disturbed that her husbands rank was not clearly defined. In 1857, the official title of prince consort was finally bestowed upon Albert by Queen Victoria. Death In late 1861, Albert was stricken with typhoid fever, a serious disease but not usually a fatal one. His habit of working long hours may have weakened him, and he suffered greatly from the disease. Hopes for his recovery dimmed, and he died on Dec. 13, 1861. His death came as a shock to the British public, especially as he was only 42 years old. On his deathbed, Albert was involved in helping to lower tensions with the United States over an incident at sea. An American naval vessel had stopped a British ship, the Trent, and seized two emissaries from the Confederate government during the early stages of the American Civil War. Some in Britain took the American naval action as a grave insult and wanted to go to war with the U.S. Albert viewed the United States as a nation friendly to Britain and helped steer the British government from what surely would have been a pointless war. The death of her husband devastated Queen Victoria. Her grief seemed excessive even to people of her own time. Victoria lived as a widow for 40 years  and was always seen wearing black, which helped create her image as a sullen, remote figure. Indeed, the term Victorian often implies a seriousness that is in part due to Victorias image as someone in deep grief. Legacy There is no question that Victoria deeply loved Albert. After his death, he was honored by being entombed in an elaborate mausoleum at Frogmore House, not far from Windsor Castle. After her death, Victoria was entombed beside him. After his death, he became better known for his statesmanship and his service to Queen Victoria. The Royal Albert Hall in London was named in honor of Prince Albert, and his name is also affixed to Londons Victoria and Albert Museum. A bridge crossing the Thames, which Albert suggested building in 1860, is also named in his honor. Sources Albert, Prince Consort: British Prince. Encyclopedia Brittanica.Prince Albert Biography. Biography.comLove Before Prince Albert: Queen Victorias Suitors. History Extra.

Account of buisness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Account of buisness - Assignment Example 1). Both study results form a basis for discussing and analysing whether ABC can work for smaller businesses as they abandon the conventional costing system. The following paper discusses whether SMEs are ready to adopt the activity based costing system as an effective tool to achieve the desired level of cost savings and efficiency. First, ABC is not very popular amongst corporations today. Considering many SMEs follow the operational trends of corporations with the intention of reaching their levels of success through cost savings, the popularity of ABC amongst corporations is worth noting (Fladkjà ¦r and Jensen, 2011, p. 3). According to CIMA, ABC is a strategy for the costing and monitoring of activities that entail drawing resource usage and costing final products. Corporations assign resources to activities, and activities to cost items based on usage approximations (Chapman et al., 2011, p. 669). According to Henrik Fladkjà ¦r and Erling Jensen, SMEs seldom implement the ABC system due to two key reasons. First, ABC is very hard to apply. Second, the data basis for ABC is not accessible in the needed quality in ERP systems used by SMEs (Fladkjà ¦r and Jensen, 2011, p. 21). A highly competitive global economy contributes to SMEs’ readiness to implement ABC. A competitive economy compels SMEs to lower the price of their commodities or services by raising output, improving product or service costing, or both. Challenges related to the shift from traditional costing systems to ABC cause rates of adopting ABC to lag behind corporations (Joà £o and Machado, 2012, p. 179). Researchers Owen Hall and Charles McPeak note these challenges as the cost of applying ABC, approximating the advantages of the ABC system, and incorporating ABC into the general management outline. As a result, the Hall and McPeak recommend SMEs to consider factors that affect a business’ ability to apply new expertise. These factors are organisational willingness, fiscal

Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multiculturalism - Essay Example To have a multicultural state, the nation must be a multi-ethnic; the cultures should be open, self-critical, and interactive in their relations with other each other (Interviews by Cindi John, 2004). It means welcomming, living, sharing and caring for and with culturally diverse people. This diversity comes from people who migrate from their respective nations in search for better conditions than those available back home. Most often the reason cited for this immigration is for a look out of a prospective job, however reasons such as looking for a safe and secure environment can also be seen. The immigration of muslim communities to muslim nations is one such example. The roots of Multiculturalism in the US can be found in the Civil Rights Movement of 1960s when the minorites (Blacks) fought for their rights (UWM, 2002). Thus it can be said that even though the immigrants do not hold citizenship of the country they live in, yet they have their rights which the a multiculturistic country must give in order to prevent discord and conflicts. Multiculturalism is thought to be connected to a solution in solving the problem of racism and discrimination in the society. According to the literature, when culturally diverse people live together, they form a bond; a sort of a relationship between themselves. After the initial conflicts and misunderstandings are over, they start to learn from each other and appreciate each other's diversity. Different cultures are understood, language is simplified, feeling of humanity is restored and as a result diversity is accepted and racism extinguished. 2. Diversity Breeds Creativity, Skills & Knowledge People from different backgrounds and cultures have different skills, talents and knowledge. This is what makes them so different. This diversity is good for any organization which employes culturally diverse people. People bring in different knowledge and skills which is essential for any growing organization. New ideas are bred, skills are exchnaged and learnt, and as a result creativity is enhanced. A study done by Sweeney, Weaven, & Herington (2008), showed the positive effect on quality of work done by diverse people working in groups. This goes on to show that countries promote multiculuralism since it is good for their country and its people. A third world nations, like Pakistan or India, can find it increasingly beneficial when foreigneres bring foreign direct investment, new technoloy and know-how, as well as any information or skills previouly not available in the country. 3. Exposure For any country, the exposure of its resources is beneficial for the economic situation. Through multiculturalism, people belonging to other countries can come and help enhance, grow and improve the existing industry. Once a country gets known for its industry, talent, skills or resources, it creates demand for more and hence get the wheel of the country moving. This is the case with Dubai, where many different cultures live and continue to come in because of the attractiveness of the Emirate. Cons of Multiculturalism Where there are countries that promote multiculturalism due to its advantages,

Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay Example for Free

Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay Nurses must be cultural competent before going abroad for them to be able to deliver nursing care that will allow effective interactions and the development of appropriate responses to persons from diverse cultures, races and ethnic backgrounds. Filipino nurses were overworked and underpaid in their own country, which is believed the reason that prods nurses to migrate. One main reason why Filipino nurses work abroad is to have a better future, where ever it may be, beside, most of Filipino nurses were somehow oriented about the culture of other states. They thought that it is better to shift gears for success rather waiting for nothing until they will got old. The principle of each and every Filipino nurses that works abroad, which is to have a better life in days to come is always proven, and the effectiveness of hard work and patience will always have the good result, and a better way of living that will bring them in each sweat that they done best, one of the good factor in working abroad is having the assurance to the successful, if one will do their best to do their best to pursue the dreamed to have a better life. Every Filipino nurses before going abroad must possess cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter and cultural desire. Q2. How can the revealed problems of nurses affect the changing practices in the multicultural health settings? Being in new country can be challenging because of the link between language and culture. Although other countries have the necessary language qualifications for entry of practice, they have difficulties if the workplace language is their second language. Nurses need to adjust on how to interact with patients, colleagues and fellow professionals in a multi-disciplinary team. They can experience cognitive fatigue from the need to concentrate on hearing and speaking of unfamiliar language. Language difficulties can lead to medical errors or near misses which affects the quality of care to patient. Male nurses can also face discrimination from other health care workers. Particularly in a work place full of female nurses, they may find they are not given the same respect that female nurses receive in the work place. It is important to speak to a supervisor, where it involves a colleague; they should try speaking to that person first. He may not have recognised that what they were saying amounted to discrimination. Everyone deserves a work place free from discrimination and stereotyping. The more men who continue to train to become nurses and more everyone speaks but against discrimination, the more effective all nurses can be in helping patients. Nurses who are sexually harassed at work frustration and emotional consequences. Sexual harassment at work increases anxiety and undermines the nurse’s ability to focus on the delivery of safe and competent care. Homesickness, weather and food are hard for the Filipino nurses to be adjusted of. But for the sake of their future they conquer this problem. They just think that they have higher income, better benefits and compensation package, lower nurse-patient ratio, more options on working hours and change to upgrade nursing skills, opportunity for family to migrate, opportunity to travel and learn other cultures, influence from peers and relatives and to experience advance technology, better socio-political and economic stability. Q3. Guided by the problems uncovered how the political and economic issues in the healthcare system may improve the nursing practice. Give at least five (5) substantial evidences. Politicians worldwide are confronted by the conflicting demands of a health service increasingly hungry for cash to fund advancing technology, an ageing population requiring more care and a public that wishes to keep taxation low. Changes may also come from a real desire to move the focus of healthcare away from an insensitive technological approach to one based on holistic care. At a time when the status of doctors is in decline, hastened by isolated but high profile ‘scandals’, it is easier to raise the status and responsibilities of nurses, whom the public regard with respect and affection. Other pressures have added to this process. These include a requirement to reduce the working hours of junior medical staff, and new training schemes which provide for more formal teaching and less face-to-face contact with patients. The medical focus is changing from treatment only, to active prevention strategies for example, screening for colorectal cancer. Biological therapies, such as antibodies for Crohns disease, are substantially more expensive than traditional drug treatments. Consumers that is, the healthcare-seeking publicare better informed and living longer. They are less tolerant of long waiting lists and want to be active participants in their own healthcare. Nurses are now generally better educated, within a university environment, and are more able to take on responsibility for patient care. The reaction of doctors to change in the status of nurses has been mixed. Some have embraced change enthusiastically: ‘Nurses can do some of what doctors do, usually to the greater satisfaction of patients. Others have been more guarded. But change seems inevitable. The question may be more about whether change will be imposed for the sake of political expediency or whether health professionals will take the lead in shaping the health service of the future. [pic] As I can see this paradigm, the message of this paradigm is as simple as we are committed to delivery of health care service that consist of Transcultural nursing, changing practice, health care system, political and economic issues, ethical, legal and social issues, bioethical issues in nursing and health care and issues in health care.

Deserving to Die Essay -- Article Review, Robert Lee

Robert Lee makes many arguments to argue justification of capital punishment in his article, â€Å"Deserving to Die.† Some of the stronger ones involve the deterrent effect of the use of the death penalty, why the cost of execution is so high, and how the use of the death penalty increases overall public safety. In Lee’s first argument, he argues that the use of capital punishment helps reduce overall crime by acting as a deterrent to crime. In at least one respect, capital punishment is unquestionably a deterrent, as Lee puts it, â€Å"It simply cannot be contested that a killer, once executed, is forever deterred from killing again† (142). Of course, a deceased killer can never kill again, but the effect that death penalty has on others, potential future criminals, is the important question. Lee argues that whether or not it is a deterrent, relies on how swiftly and surely the death penalty is executed. The majority of people are afraid of dying, and if they co uld choose, would prefer not to die anytime soon. This proves how the death penalty can be a deterrent to other potential criminals to not kill someone, out of fear that they will be put to death themselves. There have also been some circumstances where actual statistical evidence proves the deterrent effect of capital punishment. In the time since the Utah Supreme Court ruled in 1976 that capital punishment be legalized again in the state, there have been three executions. After each of the executions, specifically the year after the executions took place, there were significant decreases in both the number and the rate of murders within the state, compared to previous year(s) (Lee 143). Lee himself does acknowledge that of course there are other variables that could have influence... ...bvious propositions—e.g., that a heavy ball will fall faster if dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa than a light one [would]—are actually false† (150). Freedman also lists some empirical statistics that further prove his point that it does not necessarily deter crime, including that, â€Å"Eighteen of the 20 states with the highest murder rates have and use the death penalty,† and that, â€Å"of the nation’s 20 big cities with the highest murder rates, 17 are in death penalty jurisdictions† (151). He also points out, among other statistics and claims, that, while this deterrent effect of capital punishment is â€Å"†¦perhaps the single most studied issue in the social science, The results are as unanimous as scholarly studies can be in finding the death penalty not to be a deterrent† (emphasis added) (151). These statistics mostly speak for themselves and are very surprising.

Happy: Gender and Old Fashion Remedies Essay

The Woman Box is full of old fashion remedies that took placed a very long time ago. Its basically saying that woman are less than men and that men are in charge and women aren’t, women should just follow and do what they say do because they are superiors and women are inferior, women are weak and are less value, and view them as property of men, and sexual objects. I totally disagree with this and to me this is totally insulting. Even though I know that’s how things went back in the day and I’m glad that things changed and everyone are consider equally. As a woman, I know that I can do almost everything that a man can do and just like they can work for 12 hours or more, I do that every day with no problem. How hard is it to act outside the rules society has set for each gender? Well for men, for them to act outside of the rules society has set for them is like being a punk or they would be looked at differently and less of or they just are not consider cool anymore. Women on the other hand act outside of the rules society has set for them because we are no longer living in the past where we are inferior to anyone. We work and do as we please and over 90% of women today are leaders and we are stronger than ever. Do you think The Man Box or The Women Box is the same in all families? In all cultures? I don’t think that The Man Box or The Women Box is the same in all families and cultures, however in some families and cultures it still exist. Like in Afghanistan, I know their women still live up to these rules and more cultures do also. In the United States there are many families that still live up to these rules and they think its okay to be looked down at. Tony Porter says that the contents of The Man Box lead men to believe that violence against women is OK. Do you agree or disagree with this assertion? I definitely agree with Tony saying that the contents of The Man Box lead men to believe that violence against women is ok because it give men to many excuses to treat women unequal and treated like they are inferior and it also tell men that it is ok to be violent, controlling and basically flat out abusive. Tony Porter says â€Å"My liberation as a man is tied to your liberation as a woman.† What do you think he means by this? Tony meant that all human is equal and should be treated as one. That it is ok to teach and raise out son that violence against women is unacceptable and that as a boy, young man and adult man that it is ok to cry have feelings. What else did you find provocative in this talk? I found that when his father waited until the women left the car to cry and share his emotions with his son provocative. Its strange because I know a lot of men who will not cry or show emotions in front of women because they don’t want to be looked at different. Some men think that it is not okay for men to cry. I was really happy that he got it out no matter who he was in front of because holding anything in can also tear you to pieces.

Critical Analysis of Traditional and Agile Project Management Essay

INTRODUCTION Project is an effort taken to build something unique within a specific period. (PMBOK, 2004: 20). This means that a project has a starting and an ending which has to be completed within the specified time. For a project to be completed within time limit and with little or no flaws, a plan has to be put in place so as to get a desired result. Project planning is the determination of the progress of a project to be carried out in a serial manner. (Successful Project Management, 2011: 57). Project planning is very essential in managing a project and will be discussed in detail specifically in traditional and agile project management which is the two major project management approaches. Critical analysis of these two approaches in respect to project planning will be given. That is treating the necessary processes in planning a project. Tools, techniques, and project lifecycle models used in project management will be explored. See more: how to write an analysis OVERVIEW Traditional project management TPM is a set of technique and tools that can be applied to an activity that seeks an end product, outcomes or service. This is a well taught out planning process which has a very strict control method that makes distinguishable stages in a project life cycle (hass, 2007). Requirement such as scope, cost and time are determined upfront, followed plans are also well laid out and once laid out, it cannot be modified. Due to this, life cycles are easily recognizable. Task are completed one after another once completed, it cannot be revisited. In TPM, a lot of importance is attached  to documentation of business needs thereby stakeholders needs are already known (Leybourne, 2009). TPM is based on the fact that situations surrounding project and activities are predictable and manageable (Hass 2007, Yusuf et al 1999). TPM views each project level as a separate process whose outcome or completion has an effect on how and when subsequent levels begin (caddle and Yeates 2008; Thonsett 2012). According to Larman (2004), a well thought out rule on project team members’ responsibilities are determined at the planning phase. This makes team members accountable for the project which ensures control (Saladis and Kezner, 2009). Examples of traditional models are: 1. PRINCE2 2. Waterfall 3. Event chain 4. CA-PPM. Agile project management APM is all about incremental iteration, adaptability, agility and collaboration (Scuh, 2005; Larman, 2004). It takes individual and iteration contribution over process and tools. It lays emphasis on short cycles of structure which happen at different levels and also emphasis on feedback (Hass, 2007). All plans are revisited to get certainty of delivery. APM sees the project as product increment. Due to its lack of structure, it requires a considerable amount of discipline and coordination. APM allows project scope to change rapidly and frequently which is done by constant communication with project stakeholders. APM teams consist of skilled members fully dedicated to the project and are co-located (Hass, 2007; Wysocki). The whole idea of what APM is all about is based on the agile manifesto. It was put forward by Martin Fowler and Jim Highsmith (wysocki,). Its content are given below: â€Å"We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items  on the left more.† Types of agile project management approaches are as follows: 1. Agile Unified Process (AUP) 2. Scrum 3. Lean Software Development 4. Extreme Programming (XP) 5. Dynamic Systems Development Method 6. Feature Driven Development Scope Planning Scope planning is a process that describes and documents the boundaries of a project and project expectation. TPM is a rigid approach that gives no room to change once the scope plan has been created. Plans are made to prevent change in project scope. It focuses on developing all parts of the scope first. Documentation is very detailed trying to encompass the whole requirement. The project scope statement consists of the objective and boundaries of the project and also product specification. Work breakdown structure is then created. In TPM, steps are taken that the team sticks to the scope of the project. Scope planning in APM is a high-level activity because little is known of the solution. Change is a key part of APM, making the scope very flexible. The scope is constantly redefined due to the series of iterations. Ideas could be added at stage of the project. Documentations is present but not as detailed as in TPM. APM focuses on developing the most important part of the scope first and then proceed to the next. Human Resource Planning In TPM, team is usually large in number and consists of various levels of skilled members. The teams are very organized. The teams don’t make decisions on their own without the approval of senior managers. APM team members are proficient and are highly skilled, they are collocated in order to handle changes in project scope and also performance, communication and more so, interrelation. APM consists of small team, members are mostly between five and nine, and they also are highly productive. Agile teams are self-organizing and disciplined (Hewson, 2006). Agile teams are basically  independent. Risk Planning TPM assumes that there will be risk in the project. This is put into consideration at the planning of the project and measures are put in place to handle it. Projects in APM are volatile and very unstable because the solutions are not known. Every iteration cycle comes with its own risks. These risks are expected and are handled sequentially when it arises during project (Owen et al, 2006). Proponents of agile approach argue that dealing with real risk is better than preparing for unknown risk (Schuh, 2005). Quality Quality in agile is often determined by the regular feedback and acknowledgement of the customer’s view of the quality of the product. Time planning: In traditional approach, time estimation is dependent on the amount of tasks to be executed. Time estimation is done right after the WBS is created. Effort is made in other to complete the project within the required time (Hass, 2007). In agile approach, time estimation is based on features. The numbers of features to be developed determine the amount of time that will be used. Scheduling and workflow are also closely aligned. Management style: In TPM, the project manager is responsible solely for the planning and allocation of responsibilities (Kerzner, 2003). Traditional project managers focus more on the schedule, scope and budget (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). In APM, the project manager works in collaboration with the team (Hass, 2007). Agile managers focus more on the business value and deliverables (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). Cost management: Agile projects should be based on either a cost-reimbursable system, or the client accepts scope is a variable based on achieving the maximum improvement possible for a pre-set budget. This is a totally different philosophy to traditional project governance. Tools, Technique, models, and Project Lifecycle Models There are numerous tool and technique that can be utilized in the course of planning a project which include: Gantt chart is a graphical representation for scheduling the execution of various project activities. It can be used to make an approximation of time required to complete the  project. Brainstorming involves the assembling of idea by a group of people in order to solve problem and to arrive at a conclusion. It is essential in development of new ideas. Work breakdown structure (WBS) is the breaking down of project into smaller more manageable pieces in a hierarchical order. Each level in WBS is a smaller piece of the level above. Fishbone diagram is also known as cause-and-effect diagram. It is used to check the cause of a specific event. They also help during the collating and analyzing factors phase of project planning. Critical Path Method involves dealing with activities that has to be completed in order for other activities to be completed. It helps in the sequencing and correlating of interdependent processes. PERT Chart is a representation that shows the task to be performed serially in a graphical form. It helps to focus more on the most critical part of the project in order to reduce constriction. Project Charter is a document that formally authorizes a project statement. It contains project justification, business needs and so on. . (PMBOK, 2004) Scope Statement ensures that only the required work is done. That is work is not done out of scope of the project. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WBS is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be done by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. WBS is a tool which focuses on how a project work should be done. It breaks down the work to be done into smaller sections that can be managed by the project team, each section give details of the project work as such giving team understanding of what do(Biafore, 2011). WBS can be depicted as an outline or a diagram (Biafore, 2011). The number of levels present in a WBS should be reasonable as this is determined by how voluminous and complex the project is. WBS helps in d identification of task, brings to light what d project entails and a lot of other tools depend on WBS. It also allows stakeholders have an understanding of the scope of the project (Biafore, 2011). PERT Chart (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) It is visual illustration of a project plan task. It document important or critical phases of a project. It helps to identify critical processes and  the time that the process will end. It can also help in the documentation of a project. It helps in the organizing and scheduling of interrelated tasks in a complex project (Chinneck, 2009). It does this by using a network description to show parallel relationships between tasks (Chinneck, 2009). It helps in the completion of each task in other of precedence. It is a very important tool for tracking project activities and milestones. PERT enables the project team to handle task in order of importance. It also deal with uncertainty in process completion dates and determines activities start and end dates. Finally, PERT chart can be adjusted at anytime in the duration of the project. Linear Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a simple TPM approach which does not allow for returning to a project which has previously been completed. (Effective : 329). This means that once a phase in a project is completed, there will be no room to do any kind of adjustment. Incremental Project Management Lifecycle Model It is a traditional TPM in which unlike linear. It releases a solution to each phase of the project and it also emphasis on customer value than the linear approach. (Fernandez, Fernandez). Iterative Project Management Lifecycle Model In the iterative PMLC, change is required as it is the important part of the model. It is a learn by doing strategy. (Fernandez, Fernandez). All iteration consists of feedback loop, and it involves more clients and customers than incremental. Adaptive Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a PMLC that almost nothing is known about the solution and almost all of it are designed for software development project. It deals with a high level of uncertainty because little is known of the end product. Extreme Project Management Lifecycle Model In this model, there is no broad knowledge and solution about the project. The level of uncertainty is high and also that of clients too. CONCLUSION After looking at the two approaches, it is seen that both approaches are good  and can work perfectly well depending on the project at hand. TPM due to its detailed planning is the preferred choice for structured project. It is used in large projects that have well understood features and requirements and which involves large teams. Also, TPM is suitable for project that requires little change. APM is the preferred choice for unstructured projects. These kinds of projects have a high level of uncertainty and unpredictability about them. APM unlike TPM involves smaller projects.

The Great Pueblo Revolt - Resisting Spanish Colonialism

The Great Pueblo Revolt - Resisting Spanish Colonialism The Great Pueblo Revolt, or Pueblo Revolt [AD 1680-1696], was a 16-year period in the history of the American southwest when the Pueblo people overthrew the Spanish conquistadors and began to rebuild their communities. The events of that period have been viewed over the years as a failed attempt to permanently expel Europeans from the pueblos, a temporary setback to Spanish colonization, a glorious moment of independence for the pueblo people of the American southwest, or part of a larger movement to purge the Pueblo world of foreign influence and return to traditional, pre-Hispanic ways of life. It was no doubt a bit of all four. The Spanish first entered the northern Rio Grande region in 1539 and its control was cemented in place by the 1599 siege of Acoma pueblo by Don Vicente de Zaldivar and a few score of soldier colonists from the expedition of Don Juan de Oà ±ate. At Acomas Sky City, Oà ±ates forces killed 800 people  and captured 500 women and children and 80 men. After a trial, everyone over the age of 12 was enslaved; all men over 25 had a foot amputated. Roughly 80 years later, a combination of religious persecution and economic oppression led to a violent uprising in Santa Fe and other communities of what is today northern New Mexico. It was one of the few successfulif temporaryforceful stoppages of the Spanish colonial juggernaut in the New World. Life Under the Spanish As they had done in other parts of the Americas, the Spanish installed a combination of military and ecclesiastical leadership in New Mexico. The Spanish established missions of Franciscan friars in several pueblos to specifically break up the indigenous religious and secular communities, stamp out religious practices and replace them with Christianity. According to both Pueblo oral history and Spanish documents, at the same time the Spanish demanded that the pueblos render implicit obedience and pay heavy tribute in goods and personal service. Active efforts to convert the Pueblo people to Christianity involved destroying kivas and other structures, burning ceremonial paraphernalia in public plazas, and using accusations of witchcraft to imprison and execute traditional ceremonial leaders. The government also established an encomienda system, allowing up to 35 leading Spanish colonists to collect tribute from the households of a particular pueblo. Hopi oral histories report that the reality of the Spanish rule included forced labor, the seduction of Hopi women, raiding of kivas and sacred ceremonies, harsh punishment for failing to attend mass, and several rounds of drought and famine. Many accounts among Hopis and Zunis and other Puebloan people recount different versions than that of the Catholics, including sexual abuse of Pueblo women by Franciscan priests, a fact never acknowledged by the Spanish but cited in litigation in later disputes. Growing Unrest While the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was the event that (temporarily) removed the Spanish from the southwest, it was not the first attempt. The pueblos had offered resistance throughout the 80-year period following the conquest. Public conversions didnt (always) lead to people giving up their traditions but rather drove the ceremonies underground. The Jemez (1623), Zuni (1639) and Taos (1639) communities each separately (and unsuccessfully) revolted. There also were multi-village revolts which took place in the 1650s and 1660s, but in each case  , the planned revolts were discovered and the leaders executed. The Pueblos were independent societies before Spanish rule, and fiercely so. What led to the successful revolt was the ability to overcome that independence and coalesce. Some scholars say that the Spanish unwittingly gave the Pueblo people a set of political institutions that they used to resist colonial powers. Others think it was a millenarian movement, and have pointed to a population collapse in the 1670s resulting from a devastating epidemic that killed off an estimated 80% of the native population, and it became clear that the Spanish were unable to explain or prevent epidemic diseases or calamitous droughts. In some respects, the battle was one of whose god was on whose side: both Pueblo and Spanish sides identified the mythical character of certain events, and both sides believed the events involved supernatural intervention. Nonetheless, the suppression of indigenous practices became particularly intense between 1660 and 1680, and one of the main reasons for the successful revolt appears to have occurred in 1675  when then-governor Juan Francisco de Trevino arrested 47 sorcerers, one of whom was Popay of San Juan Pueblo. Leadership PoPay (or Popà ©) was a Tewa religious leader, and he was to become a key leader and perhaps primary organizer of the rebellion. PoPay may have been key, but there were plenty of other leaders in the rebellion. Domingo Naranjo, a man of mixed African and Indian heritage, is often cited, and so are El Saca and El Chato of Taos, El Taque of San Juan, Francisco Tanjete of San Ildefonso, and Alonzo Catiti of Santo Domingo. Under the rule of colonial New Mexico, the Spanish deployed ethnic categories ascribing pueblo to lump linguistically and culturally diverse people into a single group, establishing dual and asymmetric social and economic relationships between the Spanish and Pueblos. Popay and the other leaders appropriated this to mobilize the disparate and decimated villages against their colonizers. August 10-19th, 1680 After eight decades of living under foreign rule, Pueblo leaders fashioned a military alliance that transcended longstanding rivalries. For nine days, together they besieged the capital of Santa Fe and other pueblos. In this initial battle, over 400 Spanish military personnel and colonists and 21 Franciscan missionaries lost their lives: the number of Pueblo people who died is unknown. Governor Antonio de Otermin and his remaining colonists retreated in ignominy to El Paso del Norte (what is today Cuidad Juarez in Mexico).    Witnesses said that during the revolt and afterward, PoPay toured the pueblos, preaching a message of nativism and revivalism. He ordered the pueblos to break up and burn the images of Christ, the Virgin Mary and other saints, to burn the temples, smash the bells, and separate from the wives the Christian church had given them. Churches were sacked in many of the pueblos; idols of Christianity were burned, whipped and felled, pulled down from the plaza centers and dumped in cemeteries. Revitalization and Reconstruction Between 1680 and 1692, despite the efforts of the Spanish to recapture the region, the Pueblo people rebuilt their kivas, revived their ceremonies and reconsecrated their shrines. People left their mission pueblos at Cochiti, Santo Domingo and Jemez and built new villages, such as Patokwa (established in 1860 and made up of Jemez, Apache/Navajos and Santo Domingo pueblo people), Kotyiti (1681, Cochiti, San Felipe and San Marcos pueblos), Boletsakwa (1680-1683, Jemez and Santo Domingo), Cerro Colorado (1689, Zia, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo), Hano (1680, mostly Tewa), Dowa Yalanne (mostly Zuni), Laguna Pueblo (1680, Cochiti, Cieneguilla, Santo Domingo and Jemez). There were many others. The architecture and settlement planning at these new villages was a new compact, dual-plaza form, a departure from the scattered layouts of mission villages. Liebmann and Pruecel have argued that this new format is what the builders considered a traditional prehispanic village, based on clan moieties. Some potters worked on reviving traditional motifs on their glaze-ware ceramics, such as the doubled-headed key motif, which originated AD 1400-1450. New social identities were created, blurring the traditional linguistic-ethnic boundaries that defined Pueblo villages during the first eight decades of colonization. Inter-pueblo trade and other ties between pueblo people were established, such as new trade relationships between Jemez and Tewa people which became stronger during the revolt era than they had been in the 300 years before 1680. Reconquest Attempts by the Spanish to reconquer the Rio Grande region began as early as 1681  when the former governor Otermin attempted to take back Santa Fe. Others included Pedro Romeros de Posada in 1688 and Domingo Jironza Petris de Cruzate in 1689Cruzates reconquest was particularly bloody, his group destroyed Zia pueblo, killing hundreds of residents. But the uneasy coalition of independent pueblos wasnt perfect: without a common enemy, the confederation broke into two factions: the Keres, Jemez, Taos and Pecos against the Tewa, Tanos, and Picuris. The Spanish capitalized on the discord to make several reconquest attempts, and in August of 1692, the new governor of New Mexico Diego de Vargas, initiated his own reconquest, and this time was able to reach Santa Fe and on August 14th proclaimed the Bloodless Reconquest of New Mexico. A second abortive revolt occurred in 1696, but after it failed, the Spanish remained in power until 1821 when Mexico declared independence from Spain. Archaeological and Historical Studies Archaeological studies of the Great Pueblo Revolt have been focused on several threads, many of which began as early as the 1880s. Spanish mission archaeology has included excavating the mission pueblos; refuge site archaeology focuses on investigations of the new settlements created after the Pueblo Revolt; and Spanish site archaeology, including the royal villa of Santa Fe and the governors palace which was extensively reconstructed by the pueblo people. Early studies relied heavily on Spanish military journals and Franciscan ecclesiastical correspondence, but since that time, oral histories and active participation of the pueblo people have enhanced and informed scholarly understanding of the period. Recommended Books There are a few well-reviewed books that cover the Pueblo Revolt. Espinosa, MJ (translator and editor). 1988. The Pueblo Indian Revolt of 1698 and the Franciscan Missions in New Mexico: Letters of the Missionaries and Related Documents. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Hackett CW, and Shelby, CC. 1943. Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Otermins Attempted Reconquest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Knaut, AL. 1995. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680: Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Liebmann M. 2012. Revolt: An Archaeological History of Pueblo Resistance and Revitalization in 17th Century New Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona PressPreucel, RW. (editor). 2002. Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning, and Renewal in the Pueblo World. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Riley, CL. 1995. Rio del Norte: People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Wilcox, MV. 2009. The Pueblo Rev olt and the Mythology of Conquest: An Indigenous Archaeology of Contact. Berkley: University of California Press. Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to Ancestral Pueblo Societies, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Lamadrid ER. 2002. Santiago and San Acacio: Slaughter and Deliverance in the Foundational Legends of Colonial and Postcolonial New Mexico. The Journal of American Folklore 115(457/458):457-474.Liebmann M. 2008. The Innovative Materiality of Revitalization Movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. American Anthropologist 110(3):360-372.Liebmann M, Ferguson TJ, and Preucel RW. 2005. Pueblo Settlement, Architecture, and Social Change in the Pueblo Revolt Era, A.D. 1680 to 1696. Journal of Field Archaeology 30(1):45-60.Liebmann MJ, and Preucel RW. 2007. The archaeology of the Pueblo Revolt and the formation of the modern Pueblo world. Kiva 73(2):195-217.Preucel RW. 2002. Chapter I: Introduction. In: Preucel RW, editor. Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning, and Renewal in the Pueblo World. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p 3-32.Ramenofsky AF, Neiman F, and Pierce CD. 2009. Measuring Time, Population, and Residential Mobility from the Surface at San M arcos Pueblo, North Central New Mexico. American Antiquity 74(3):505-530. Ramenofsky AF, Vaughan CD, and Spilde MN. 2008. Seventeenth-Century Metal Production at San Marcos Pueblo, North-Central New Mexico. Historical Archaeology 42(4):105-131.Spielmann KA, Mobley-Tanaka JL, and Potter MJ. 2006. Style and Resistance in the Seventeenth-Century Salinas Province. American Antiquity 71(4):621-648.Vecsey C. 1998. Pueblo Indian Catholicism: The Isleta case. US Catholic Historian 16(2):1-19.Wiget A. 1996. Father Juan Greyrobe: Reconstructing tradition histories, and the reliability and validity of uncorroborated oral tradition. Ethnohistory 43(3):459-482.

15 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $40 per Hour (And How to Get Them)

15 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $40 per Hour (And How to Get Them) When you think part-time, you might think of some of the classics: retail, food service, babysitting. In reality, there are tons of part-time opportunities out there- many of which can be pretty lucrative, if you have the right skill set (or are willing to pick it up). Let’s look at some of the best-paying part-time gigs out there. 1. TutorTutors provide extra academic help for students, whether it’s in a specific subject area at school or prepping for standardized tests. As college entrance gets more and more competitive, more students and their parents are looking to hire academic helpers. Depending on the student’s needs and the tutor’s level of expertise, tutors can command anywhere from $15 to $200 an hour (particularly for specialized test prep, like SAT and grad school entrance exams).What you’ll need: Knowledge and a track record of grades, high test scores, etc. If you’re still bursting with pride over your near-perfect SATs, you mig ht be able to put that savvy to work by the hour.2. Personal TrainerIf your ideal version of â€Å"the office† involves the clank of free weights and orderly rows of treadmills, becoming a personal trainer could be a good and flexible option for you. Personal trainers meet one on one with clients by the hour, developing and implementing fitness plans. Personal trainers can earn up to $50 an hour.What you’ll need: Physical fitness, for starters- clients tend to want someone who can lead by example. Depending on where you live, you may also need to become certified.3. Makeup ArtistIf you’re creative and know your way around an eyeshadow palette, being a freelance makeup artist offers a flexible hourly job that can pay anywhere from $13 – $40+ per hour. Per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, makeup artists are the highest-paid workers in the cosmetology industry.What you’ll need: Some states require that makeup artists be licensed, so you’ll need to pay close attention to your state’s requirements. You can also train to become a makeup artist at a licensed cosmetology school. You might also want to consider relocating, if you don’t already live in a big metro area- large cities like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago have the highest-paid makeup artists.4. Translator/InterpreterParlez-vous francais? As we start to think more globally, people who can ease communication and cultural transitions will be in huge demand. Companies (especially those with international offices) may employ translators directly, or use a third-party agency that matches qualified translators with particular jobs. Translators can earn up to $50 an hour, depending on the complexity of the project.What you’ll need: fluency in at least one language other than English, with very strong grammar and syntax skills.5. Therapist/Life CoachBecause therapy is often appointment-based, that gives the therapist flexibility to practice full- or part-time. Whether it’s counseling, life coaching, or social work, client appointments can fetch $45-$150 an hour.What you’ll need: a degree in psychology, counseling, or social work (depending on your field), plus potential licensing, depending on your state’s requirements.6. Freelance WriterWebsites, publications, agencies, publishers- they all need content, and talented writers to produce it. Think outside the magazine, too. Many companies need part-time writers to create in-house materials, instruction manuals, etc. Technical writers are especially in demand, and can command the high end of the $33-$75 per hour spectrum. Freelance writers are available on a project basis to write and edit various materials.What you’ll need: Strong written communication skills, and a lot of self-starting initiative/self-marketing skills.7. Adjunct ProfessorLike tutoring, this is another great part-time avenue if you have very specific subject expertise or experienc e. Being an adjunct faculty member at a local college or an online school lets you teach classes on a part-time basis. Adjunct teaching jobs often let you work your â€Å"day† job and teach about it at night, or leaving your days flexible for other life priorities.What you’ll need: Either a degree in your field or extensive experience working in it. You should also have good communication and people skills, because working with students can require a lot of problem solving and translating complicated concepts for people who haven’t seen them before.8. Massage TherapistA massage therapist is another appointment-based service provider who can set up a very flexible part-time job with strong hourly rates. You can work for a spa or healthcare facility, or set up shop as a roving masseur (have folding massage table and essential oils, will travel). Demand for massage therapists is growing as it becomes an accepted part of many health and wellness plans. Experienced m assage therapists can make up to $60 per hour.What you’ll need: Completion of an accredited training program. A degree is not typically necessary, but classes in anatomy, physiology, and other sciences definitely helps. Many states require that massage therapists be licensed, so be sure you’re up on your state’s own requirements.9. App/Software DeveloperIf you think you’re sitting on the next Candy Crush, you should be all set for life. But realistically, most app and software developers work on a part-time, project basis while they have other tech jobs. Developing on the side can be a very lucrative moonlighting opportunity, with rates that range from $30-$60 per hour.What you’ll need: A degree in computer science or software engineering isn’t absolutely essential, but it’s an extremely helpful foundation. You’ll also need excellent coding skills, as well as knowledge about UI design, programming languages, basic computer back end knowledge, and general market knowledge.10. Fitness InstructorLike personal trainers, fitness class instructors (yoga, pilates, Zumba, etc.) can often set their own schedule, aligning classes and teaching appointments with other life obligations. While many teachers start at around $20 an hour, more experienced and established teachers can command $40 an hour for their services.What you’ll need: Certification definitely gives you an edge here, as does experience with whatever fitness specialty you want to teach. Expertise is what builds a student base and increases your hourly earning potential.11. BartenderThis might be the classic high-paying part-time job, one you can do on nights and weekends. While the hourly salary for bartenders is on par with other food service jobs (read: not astronomical), there’s a huge potential for tips that drives up the hourly income to anywhere from $10-$75, depending on the bar, the customer base, and how many times you’ve s een the movie Cocktail. (Kidding on the last one- I don’t recommend throwing around bottles of tequila unless you’re a) Tom Cruise; or b) really know what you’re doing.)What you’ll need: Right now, the trend is â€Å"mixology† over traditional sud-slinging, so taking a bartending/mixology course to learn how to make cocktails can help you develop a range of signature drinks- and a loyal customer base. You’ll also need to be over 21.12. Rideshare DriverThis is another one that prioritizes hustle over a set schedule. Drivers for ridesharing services (like Uber and Lyft) can earn up to $30 an hour, plus tips.What you’ll need: A driver’s license and a car that’s clean, presentable, and in good working order.13.  Web DesignerThis is a part-time job you can do from literally anywhere (assuming there’s wifi). Web designers create and maintain websites for clients. And those with advanced skills in graphic design and co mputer programming do best of all, along with a good dose of self-marketing ability and business savvy. Web designers can earn $15-$75 per hour, depending on the projects and experience.What you’ll need: Graphic design know-how, coding skills (particularly HTML), and a go-getting nature to develop a customer base are all essentials for a career in web design.14. Dog Walkerâ€Å"Neither rain nor snow nor gloom of night† stop the mail from being delivered, and they also don’t stop dogs from needing to get out and exercise while doing their business. Dog walkers often earn $15-$20 per dog per walk, and if you have multiple clients set up for half-hour or hour-long walks, hourly rates end up in the $15-$75 range.What you’ll need: Must love dogs (or at least tolerate them and be willing to clean up after them). A background in dog training or behavior is also helpful, since every dog has different needs and issues. Insurance and licensing are also a major plus for your dog walking resume, as clients are entrusting their furriest family members to your care.15. Business ConsultantIf you have a business background but need a flexible schedule, consulting may be the way to go. Consultants with specific expertise can apply their skills to projects or an ongoing relationship with different companies without being on the full-time hook. Top consultants can make $150-$300 per hour, depending on qualifications and experience. Sites like HourlyNerd can help hook you up with projects that match your expertise.What you’ll need: An advanced degree in business (typically an MBA or similar), and/or extensive expertise and experience in the field where you want to consult. You’re selling your knowledge and experience, so you’ll need to have a track record of both if you want to make big bucks as a consultant.Just because you’re looking for a flexible or part-time job doesn’t mean you have to sacrifice full-time money. If you have an extra dash of hustle and are willing to go out and develop the skills and training you need, these jobs can be a very lucrative way to create a customized work schedule for yourself.

Climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Climate change - Essay Example This paper focuses specifically on the Gulf region in the United States, an area in which environment and living creatures have grown inter-dependent on adequate precipitation to effectively sustain lifestyle and longevity. The problem in this region, specifically, is the current water level in the Mississippi River which is significantly reduced due to climate change. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2002) identifies that the Mississippi River region provides shelter and breeding grounds for migrating birds in the winter. Many different species of birds move away from colder regions to reproduce before returning to these regions to assist in pollination of plants and insect management in the food chain. The adequate waters near the Mississippi River in this region, historically, have provided quality shelter and water sources, thus providing other areas of the country with beneficial species regeneration. Today, however, climate change has shifted the volume of precipitation norm ally distributed within this region, inundating the Northern regions of the U.S. with these much-needed rains. Climatescience.gov (2007) further offers that when trees are exposed to higher carbon dioxide, rather than the highly oxygenated precipitation usually found in the Gulf region, trees alter their wood producing output. Instead of thickening trunks, the trees tend to establish more ground-level roots and smaller twig-like branches. Less oxygen replenishment through precipitation alters the scope of the environment, impacting the availability of building materials and thus impacting human lifestyles and economy. Nonliving dependencies associated with this problem include the infrastructures in this area created for predictable precipitation patterns. Walton (2012) indicates that a group of scientists and the Army Corps of Engineers will be rebuilding levees that were previously destroyed by humans to accommodate for rising water levels in a particular area just a year previous ly. This represents significant costs to destroy and rebuild infrastructure as well as causing problems with the homes and businesses that cannot predict their fluctuating dependency on barrier placement depending on water levels. The lack of predictability in climate change continues to disrupt levee longevity which considerable risks to the community due to depleting precipitation volumes. The human effects in this situation are largely negative, as most scientists and engineers are running on previous assumptions about precipitation predictability and infrastructure development without considering long-term sustainability. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is ever-diligent to attempt to sustain this environment for species migration and breeding, however using age-old sustainability plans that are no longer relevant in the face of dramatic shifts in precipitation distribution. An effective sustainability plan would include dredging of the Mississippi River so as to maintain more control over depth and to tap the underlying water table in this region to feed during periods of drought. Pumping stations designed to draw water from under the soil would be a long-term strategy to combat climate change. At the same time, it would ensure water is

Impact of Global Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Impact of Global Recession - Essay Example This all highlights the significance of this fossil fuel. The world market of oil is such that it is highly controlled by OPEC. In fact, OPEC has been thought to behave like a cartel. It especially behaved like a cartel during the 1970s when an embargo was placed on the Western economies, which plunged their economies into deep recessions (Bouchentouf, 2007). In addition, much of the oil supply is located in highly unstable markets, therefore the market of oil is highly volatile (Behr, 2009). The United States is the third largest producer of oil after Russia and Saudi Arabia (Bouchentouf, 2007). However, it consumes the production of oil drastically to support its huge industrial based economy. The United States also imports much of the oil in the world and Japan and Germany are one of the largest importers of oil. The United States and China are currently the largest consumers of oil (Bouchentouf, 2007).Literature ReviewThe sudden decrease in the price of oil as shown in the figure above was because as the recession hit countries all around the world, demand gradually decreased. Because of the drastic decrease in demand, the OPEC to curb the decreasing prices cut down outputs. World oil demand continuously fell across the period from 2008 to 2009. In 2008, world demand had fallen by 0.2 percent, and in 2009, it had fallen by 0.4 percent. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) had predicted at the beginning of the crash, that the ensuing years would see a decrease in the demand.... It has large importance for the world economy. The demand of oil is such that it is inelastic, that means even if the price rises, people would continue to buy it. Oil is indispensable and is a raw material for various other products. However, oil has an inelastic supply as well, that means since it is a non-renewable resource, it will eventually run out. This all highlights the significance of this fossil fuel. The world market of oil is such that it is highly controlled by OPEC. In fact, OPEC has been thought to behave like a cartel. It especially behaved like a cartel during the 1970s when an embargo was placed on the Western economies, which plunged their economies into deep recessions (Bouchentouf, 2007). In addition, much of the oil supply is located in highly unstable markets, therefore the market of oil is highly volatile (Behr, 2009). The United States is the third largest producer of oil after Russia and Saudi Arabia (Bouchentouf, 2007). However, it consumes the production of oil drastically to support its huge industrial based economy. The United States also imports much of the oil in the world and Japan and Germany are one of the largest importers of oil. The United States and China are currently the largest consumers of oil (Bouchentouf, 2007). Literature Review The sudden decrease in the price of oil as shown in the figure above was because as the recession hit countries all around the world, demand gradually decreased. Because of the drastic decrease in demand, the OPEC to curb the decreasing prices cut down outputs. World oil demand continuously fell across the period from 2008 to 2009. In 2008, world demand had fallen by 0.2 percent, and in 2009, it had fallen by 0.4 percent. The