How to Study for a Social Science Test

When you study for a test in one of the social sciences, like history, government, anthropology, economics, and sociology, you must keep in mind that three things are important. You must understand the vocabulary of your discipline.You must understand the concepts you encounter in each segment of your study.You must understand the significance of each concept. Students are sometimes frustrated after an exam in the social sciences because they feel they prepared adequately but discovered during the exam that their efforts didnt seem to make a difference at all. The reason this happens is because students prepare for one or two of the items above, but they dont prepare for all three. Common Mistakes When Studying Social Science Vocabulary   The most common mistake students make is studying the vocabulary alone - or mixing concepts in with vocabulary. There is a big difference! To understand this, you can think of your material as a batch of cookies that you need to prepare. The vocabulary words are the ingredients, like sugar, flour, and eggs.Each individual concept is a cookie. Each looks a little different from the others, but each one stands alone as important.Altogether, the cookies make up a batch. You must create an entire batch of comprehension when you study for an exam in social science; you cant stop with a collection of ingredients! Here is why this is so important: Vocabulary words show up as short answer or fill-in-the-blank questions. Concepts often show up as multiple choice questions and essay questions. Treat your vocabulary as a set of ingredients for understanding the concepts. Use flashcards to memorize your vocabulary, but remember that to fully understand your vocabulary definitions, you must also understand how they fit into the larger concepts. Example: Imagine that you are preparing for a political science test. A few vocabulary words are a candidate, vote, and nominate. You must understand these individually before you can understand the concept of an election cycle. Studying in Stages The bottom line for preparing for a test in any social science is that you must study in stages. Practice vocabulary, but also study concepts and understand how different vocabulary words fit into each concept. Your concepts will also fit into a greater collection of knowledge (batch), like a specific historical period (Progressive Era) or a certain government type (dictatorship). The concepts you study are as individual as your vocabulary words, but it will take time and practice to recognize concepts as entities because the lines can be somewhat blurred. Why? The idea of a single vote (vocabulary word) is pretty clear cut. The idea of a dictatorship? That can be defined as many things. It can be a country with a dictator or a country with a very strong leader who demonstrates unchallenged authority, or it can even be an office that holds control over an entire government. Actually, the term is used to define an entity (like a company) that is controlled by one person or one office. See how blurred the concept can become? To summarize, any time you study for a social science test, you must go back and forth studying vocabulary, studying concepts, and studying how those concepts fit into the overall theme or time period. To study effectively for a social science exam, you must give yourself at least three days of study. You can use your time wisely and gain a full understanding of both terminology and concepts by using a method called  3 Way 3 Day study technique.

Essay on Irregular Spelling Lesson Activity - 1668 Words

LESSON PLAN Name: Allison Akenson WGU Task Objective Number: ELT: Task 12 GENERAL INFORMATION | Lesson Title amp; Subject(s): Expository Writing Lesson / Language Arts Topic or Unit of Study: Expository Writing Lesson: Informing the reader of a topic that would include facts, such as book reports or research reports. Grade/Level: Third Instructional Setting: Third grade classroom will be seated at their individual desks for presentation of expository writing, guided practice, and independent practice. STANDARDS, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES | Your State Core Curriculum/Student Achievement Standard(s): 2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly. a. Introduce†¦show more content†¦Discuss that expository writing tells what happened, reports on a particular subject or subjects, explains how to do something by following steps, or describes a specific thing or things. Key Points to write on the board: - Writing that informs the reader - Shares information - Tells what happened - Reports on a subject - Explains how to do something - Describes a particular thing or multiple things 4. Guided Practice: We Do Teacher will guide the class through the expository puzzle activity on the overhead projector. This puzzle will be completed together as a class. After the class is completed with the group puzzle, they will all do their own puzzle but will be allowed to work with a partner as long as they complete their own. Students will be given a cut up paragraph from an expository essay and they will have to piece back together the paragraph. They will use their glue sticks and glue the separate parts of the paragraph back together to form one paragraph. Once the students are completed with their expository puzzles, they can volunteer to read their completed paragraph to the class. After the puzzles, the teacher will begin a classroom discussion: The importance of this discussion is to talk before writing. I will have the students tell me out loud what they are going to write about. Teach the class that writing is just simply putting their speeches down on the paper.Show MoreRelatedTeachers Do Not Focus On Phonics1670 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There are a lot of misconceptions and misinformation out there concerning how educators can teach reading, spelling and writing in school classrooms today. A common misconception is that teachers do not focus on phonics anymore or that starting teachers do not have any understanding of how to teach phonics. So, what exactly is phonics in education? And, how can educators teach phonics and the appropriate way to interpret or comprehend the written codes found in different words? 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Bipolar Disorder Essay Example For Students

Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this disorder can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the amount of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is important that we keep looking for explanations of its causes and for more ways to treat this disorder. Bipolar has a large variety of symptoms, divided in two categories. One is the manic episodes, the other is depressive. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can turn into feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include disturbances in sleep and appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and reoccurring thoughts of death and suicide. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a deep sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, problems with concentrations and driving. Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It occurs in both males and females. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not. Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes do experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, excited, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities. As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has found out in their research, bipolar disorder can create marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. Many times, bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the person ages. Many timess bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that follow each other without a period of remission. The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by extreme loss of judgment. Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences paranoid delusions. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior sometimes turns into violence. Sometimes both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time. This is called a mixed episode. Those affected are at special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that make them feel like they could jump out of their skin. Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they have the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another form of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more episodes within a 12 month period. Romeo And Juliet (604 words) Essay This form of the disease has more episodes of mania and depression than bipolar disorder, although this is believed to be a branch of actual bipolar disorder. Lithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder since its introduction in the 1960s. Its main function is to stabilize the cycling characteristic of bipolar disorder. In four controlled studies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is also the primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. In a .

Analyses of Landuse Invasion in Lagos Metropolis a Case Study of Lekki Pennisula Scheme1 Essay Example

Analyses of Landuse Invasion in Lagos Metropolis: a Case Study of Lekki Pennisula Scheme1 Essay Abstract Land use invasion occurs when the use of a particular land is changed from the use that was originally allocated to it as a result of change in other factors that encompasses urbanization as a whole. This study has examined the causes and effects of commercial invasion of residential areas in Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 with the aim of analyzing the extent of invasion and identifying the effect of invasion on the inhabitants and environment. In doing so, attempts were made to analyze the various land uses in the study area vis a viz the original master plan, analyze the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identification of the factors/forces that are responsible for invasion in the study area, examine the perception of the inhabitant on the invasion process and evaluate the effect of invasion on the study area. Data for this study were gathered through distribution of well-structured questionnaires to 200 property owners and occupiers in the study area using a multi-stage sampling procedure, thereafter, the 200 questionnaires that were successfully completed were thus used for analysis. The data collected are analyzed with the use of simple descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Findings show the reasons for the changes and their effects on the study area. The results of the respective regression models showed that social attributes and policy attributes are more important than the economic attributes and physical attributes in the determination of the invasion, unlike time attribute that was irrelevant to the regression model. The R2 values showed that 66. 0% of the variations in invasion (changes in land use from commercial to residential) is explained by zoning regulation policy presented as building/plot use and change of use permit. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyses of Landuse Invasion in Lagos Metropolis: a Case Study of Lekki Pennisula Scheme1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analyses of Landuse Invasion in Lagos Metropolis: a Case Study of Lekki Pennisula Scheme1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analyses of Landuse Invasion in Lagos Metropolis: a Case Study of Lekki Pennisula Scheme1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, the paper among others calls for review of Lekki master plan, imposition of fines on landlords that converted the use of their properties without following appropriate procedure and increased funding of town planning authority. 1. 0 Introduction The primary goal of urban planning is the development of desirable environments which offer human values, greater living satisfaction at less investment costs and lower operating costs. However, these noble objectives are always challenged by scares and heterogeneous nature of land. Virtually all human activities require land. From the large scale industrial complex, the supra metro-line, the traditional market to the roadside cobbler’s shop all require land in varying dimensions (Agbola, 2004). This array of competition between different landsuses always result is a traumatic change in land uses. The person who is prepared to pay the highest sum for a site is likely to eventually occupy it. Such individual will be able to compete it away from other potential users. By this operation, sites in an urban area will tend to be used for that purpose from which the user makes the highest net gain from alternative uses of that site. This would result in the highest and best use for that land. This scenario has makes changes in land use, which has become part of an urban growth inevitable. Land and buildings will continue to witness conversion of use from a lower rank to a higher rank in order to attain optimal use. The concern of this paper is to examine the causes and effects of commercial invasion of residential areas in Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 with the aim of analyzing the extent of invasion and identifying the effect of invasion on the inhabitants and environment. . 1 Statement of Research Problem One particular observed trend which infringes on the goals of planning is the spread of commercial uses into residential areas. Apart from the fact that the process of invasion and displacement of residential uses by commercial uses causes marked changes in the land use pattern of urban areas, it also wreaks havoc on the quality of the environment of such residential areas. The elements of public interest of healt h, safety, convenience and amenity are in jeopardy and the purpose of planning is defeated. In exception of this physical attributes, previous studies on invasion revealed that changes in land use from residential to commercial leads to increase in property values with attendant problems of traffic congestion, over stretching of infrastructural facilities and reduction of land area for parking, open spaces and relaxation sports (Adebayo, 2009). In line with the views, thoughts and findings from other research works the questions to be addressed in this research are as follows: i) What are the various land uses in the study area? ii) Are there changes or variations from the original master plan? ii) What are the causes of invasion of commercial uses on residential uses in the study area? iv) What are the factors responsible for these changes and to what extent do each of these factors account for the variations in land use? v) What are the practical implications of these changes? vi) What are the perceptions of the inhabitant on the invasion process? 1. 2 Aim and Objectives The aim of this study is to analyze the extent of invasion of residential land uses by commercial use with a view to identifying the effect of invasion on the inhabitants. 1. 2. 1 Objectives i. To analyze the various land uses in the study area vis a viz the original master plan ii. To analyze the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. iii. To analyze the process and reasons for the conversion/invasion. iv. To identify the factors/forces those are responsible for invasion in the study area. v. To examine the perception of the inhabitant on the invasion process. vi. To evaluate the effect of invasion on the environmental condition of the study area. 1. 3 Scope of the Study This study is restricted to the geographical boundary of Lekki scheme 1, located along Lekki-Epe express way in Eti-Osa L. G. A of Lagos State. The study concentrates on the planned residential scheme with approval order where it will be convenient and timely to determine the approved land uses and existing land uses. The choice to limit the study to the geographical boundary of Lekki scheme 1 is to ensure that the objective of evaluating the effect of invasion on the environmental condition is achievable based on expected environmental standard proposed during planning and the observed or existing environmental condition(s) in the neighbourhood. By limiting the study to Lekki scheme 1 the study hopes to ensure a secured opinion or perception of people that are directly affected by the invasion. 1. 4 Summary of Study Area Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 is in Eti-Osa L. G. A of Lagos State of Nigeria. The state is located in the south western part of Nigeria, bounded on the east, west, north and south by Ondo state, Republic of Benin, Ogun state, and Atlantic ocean (Gulf Guinea) respectively (Figure 1. 1). The Lekki Peninsula is a large naturally formed peninsula situated on the Atlantic Ocean side of Lagos Lagoon. Its geographical coordinates are 60 25? 0? north, 40 6? 0? east. Lekki Peninsula scheme I was developed as a residential housing scheme with either single or double family dwelling units per plot of residential zones irrespective of plot size. Buildings are restricted to a storey with pent in selected residential blocks. Commercial uses are adequately provided for and restricted to the neighbourhood business district and in the mixed development areas. Lekki peninsula residential scheme I has well articulated transportation network which can be likened to those of Government Reservation Areas. The scheme which is a site and service scheme covers an area of 1046 hectares (residential 525. 22, commercial 21. 10, institutional 60. 76, recreational 27. 31, roads 343. 45 and water front and tourism 58. 16). It has a total of 3,482 plots, the breakdown which is as follows; low density 1127, medium density plots 2005,mixed development plots 235,commercial plots 33,service plots 82. By the 2006 census figure the population of Lekki scheme 1 stand at an estimate of 25000. It is inhabited by the rich and the well to do of Lagos. The scheme is traditionally a residential scheme with complementary uses but the residential area is fast becoming a commercial area with indiscriminate location of various forms of commercial activities on the major roads and their sides’ streets. [pic] Source: Lagos State NTDA (2007) Figure 1. 5 Master Plan of Lekki Peninsula Scheme 1. 1. 5 Research Hypotheses Hypothesis [H0]: Economic and physical attributes are the major causes of invasion of commercial uses in residential area of Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 Hypothesis [H1]: Economic and physical attributes are not the major causes of invasion of commercial uses in residential area of Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 2. 0 Overview of Literature Review and Theoretical Framework Some works on urban economic studies and land use planning describe a number of factors that are responsible for land use invasions and provides explanations to them, for example, why these invasions vary spatially and ver time; why densities vary in different parts of town or cities; why particular uses develop in particular parts of neighbourhood or cities. Barlowe (1965) believes that property development is not a one-for-all time affairs, but a continuous one. This means that property development is dynamic. It calls for adjustment to changing demand and changing technology toward satisfying the needs of a particular segm ent of users. An (2005) argues that land redevelopment projects leads to significant change in residential neighbourhoods and generate significant spill over effects to another area. That is a particular land use type may attract other land uses. Lee (1974), argues that change occurring over time in the use of a neighbourhood are brought about by several factors that contribute to land use succession. Habitat (1982) identified change of use as one of the contributing factors leading to progressive urban decay. Conversion of residential buildings for commercial or industrial uses could lead to premature functional and or structural obsolescence when such buildings are subjected to uses for which they were not design. Onuoh (1989) in his case study of Bodija Estate in Ibadan identified economic benefits, social process, cultural reasons, and inefficiency in the enforcement of development control regulations as some of the factors responsible for change of use of residential buildings. He recommended heavy penalties for offenders and public enlightenment and participation as measures to combat the problem. Clapp (1993) also attributes increase in supply of real property to new construction, conversion from other uses, or decision by owners to relinquish their rights. A decrease in stock usually results from demolition, conversion to other uses, abandonment, slow of limited construction of new houses. The literature on the invasion of residential land use by commercial use indicates that land use planning entails delineation of physical space into zones for different uses such as residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, recreational etc (Juchnowics 1976). These uses are expected to complement each other to ensure aesthetically, economically, healthy and physically pleasing environment An (2005). In order to ensure compliance with the dictates of the land use zoning, development control mechanisms are established in order to fully realize the objective of the zoning policy. The previous studies failed to look into the inherent risk in non compliance to the zoning regulation and possible causes and implications Theories on urban land use infer that, internal structure of any city is unique in its particular combination of details. In spite of this, it appears that in general, there is a degree of order underlying the land use patterns of individual cities (Garner, 1968). Three prominent classical land use theories that pioneered urban land use analysis and promoted enormous researches in this area are the concentric ring theory of Burgess (1925), the sector theory of Hoyt (1939) and multiple nuclei theory of Harris and Ullman (1945). The classical model of Burgess (1925) that urban land use tends to display a zonal organization concentrically arranged about the city has for some years been the starting point of most considerations of the utilization of land in cities. The main tenet of his argument is that each concentric zone specializes in particular use centered on the Central Business District (CBD). The theory infers that the city expands by the continuous tendency of each inner zone to extend its area by the invasion of the outer zone in a process of â€Å"succession† and â€Å"invasion†. In this theory, housing, for example, is provided for the poor by the process of â€Å"filtering† or â€Å"trickling down†, in which case the well-to-do must have absorbed most of the initial construction cost before the house is passed on to the people of low income. Many recent economic equilibrium models appear to attempt to provide explanations to this theory. The sector theory was the earliest constructive criticism of the concentric ring theory. Hoyt (1939) opined, after his factual examination of residential rent patterns in twenty-five widely distributed cities in the U. S. A, that the internal structure of a city is conditioned by the disposition of routes radiating outward from the city centre. The multiple nuclei theory of Harris and Ullman (1945) postulates that land use patterns in most cities are not built around the single centre as postulated by the concentric ring theory, but rather they are developed around several centres within the urban areas. However, these views have been seriously challenged by the result of recent studies, which shows a remarked variation in some of the assumptions previous studies held constant. These variations are either locational induced or non locational induced. 2. 1 Summary of Conceptual framework The central business district of the city, as a point of high accessibility continues to spur fierce competition for its use among commercial establishments which depends on large pool of patrons for profitable operations (Agwu, 2010). The accessibility factor has been a major determinant of the rental value of land and in effect the location of the various land use categories. However, with a city wide improvement of the road system, some of CBD location becomes more accessible in terms of travel time and transport costs. A new local rent peak emerges which leads to an increase in land value. In Lagos for example, some of the out-of-CBD locations with maximum accessibility fall within residential districts. Fig 2. 3 is the land value gradient graph showing how values at distances from the centre determine the land use pattern of the city. The above assumption may help explain the incident of offices in the study area. FIG. 2. 11: Land Value Gradient. Source: Alonso’s Model on Rent 2. 2 Operational Synthesis of Conceptual Framework Evidence from existing concepts and theories as well as empirical studies reviewed that land is a heterogeneous product, which is influenced by internal and external environmental factors. Its value and use depends on these factors and these factors are not static. They changes with the urban environment and are interrelated to each other. A perfect understanding of the urban land system requires knowledge of urban economics. The understanding depends on the economic system in operation in the area. In terms of urban structure there is a general consensus that the urban structure of a city is determined by; government policies (land use regulation), forces of demand and supply, population, natural environment, improved technology as well as global phenomenon such as globalization. Improvement on land can lead to increase in value of the land and consequently land use change or invasion of a higher order use. These changes are generally influenced by location, accessibility, infrastructure, parcel size, employment, disposable income, zoning, policies, floor space, neighbourhood characteristics, planning uses etc. However, distance to the CBD is the influential of all the factors. The following operational guide line can be deduced from the conceptual framework reviewed above; 1. Any physical development will always locate where it will have optimal economic profit in a market free economy. 2. Development plans provides land use regulation to guide the use to which each portion of land is used. 3. In an urban area the root value of all property is its attractiveness to human use. This attractive elements are in two major forms namely; its structure (the buildings and private space) and its interface (its connection to the outside world) 4. A city core is the centre of agglomeration for people, services, jobs, investment and wealth. 5. Negative accessibility factor affects the efficiency of urban land and its use. 6. The present value of land must be estimated to determine its future stream of use. 7. Most policies intend to improve access to land, security of tenure and fashioning allocation of land to uses. A combination of the above facts improves the knowledge of a researcher in taking decision about the urban system using local, social, political and economic realities. This implies that we must be careful in applying research results as different urban system has their peculiar problems. In view of these, this study intends to explore the local characteristics of land determinants in Lagos Island despite the overwhelming research work on factors affecting Land values at different parts of the world. 3. 0 Research Methodology The data for this study were derived from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were obtained through questionnaire administered in 30 blocks in Lekki Peninsula scheme1. The questionnaire administered was designed to collect data on socio- economic characteristics of the respondents; land uses causes and effects as well as neighbourhood quality. The sample frame was the total no of plots in Lekki Peninsula scheme13482 and the sample size was 200, which represents 5% of the total plots in the study area. The respondents to the questionnaires administered were the landlords or their representatives. The sampling method used for the data collection was the multi – stage sampling procedure. At first stage, 30 blocks in the study area was selected from the classified land use category of which 11 of these blocks was in low density residential zone, 14 was from medium density while 4, 2 and 1 blocks was in mixed development zone, service and commercial plots respectively. At the second stage, streets adjoining the chosen blocks were selected based on their lengths and density of plots. A total of 39, 48, 14, 8 and 5 streets were selected in low residential density zone, in medium residential density zone, mixed development zone, service plots and commercial zones respectively. Finally, at the last stage, plots were systematically selected in each chosen street of the selected blocks, for the questionnaire administration. 4. 0 Data Presentation, interpretation and Analysis The analysis of data on social economic variables such as place of origin, Sex, marital status, age, educational qualification, occupation, income of respondents, business or work location etc, which were collected from the field survey and used as measurement indices or parameters for accessing environmental performance, quality, soundness and livability are discussed below; Place of Origin Table 4. 1 Place of Origin of Respondents | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Lagos |46 |22. 3 |23. 0 |23. 0 | |Outside Lagos |130 |63. 1 |65. 0 |88. 0 | |Foreigner |24 |11. 7 |12. 0 |100. | |Total |200 |97. 1 |100 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 From table 4. 1 above, 23. 0% represents respondents that are Lagos state indigenes, 65. 0% represents respondents that are Nigeria citizens but are indigenes of states outside Lagos state, while 12. 0 % of respondents are citizens of other countries. This implies that most of the respondents are not indigenes of Lagos. The place of origin variable seeks to understand whether the land and home owners are natives or non natives. Specifically, the study expects that land and housing would be sold at lower prices to the natives. Table 4. 2 Sex or Gender of Respondents | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cum. Percent | |Male |112 |54. 4 |56. 0 |56. 0 | |Female |88 |42. 7 |44. 0 |100. 0 | |Total |200 |97. |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Gender analysis in this study as presented in Table 4. 2 above indicated that 56. 0% of the respondents are males and 44. 0% are females. The relevance of gender in this work is due to the prevalence of female household heads in a city like Lagos. The result obtained from gender analysis in this study does not truly reflect the gender ratio in the study area; but indicates that male respondents were more available for interview than the females during the field survey. Occupation Table 4. below shows the distribution of occupation of respondents and revealed that 5 % were retired/pensioner, 2. 5 % were unskilled, and 28. 5 % were professionals, 1. 0 % was farmers, while 4 1. 0 % and 30 % were business and civil servants respectively. This implied a relatively high level of employment among the respondents and this may be due to the fact that many of them were relatively educated. The availability of job opportunities in cities like Lagos may also be responsible for high level of employment recorded among the respondents. However, the relatively high proportion of business men (41. %) among the respondents could be explained by the commercial vulnerability of Lekki scheme 1 and the metropolitan nature of Lagos (a big capital city having a commercial orientation). Table 4. 6 Occupation of Respondent | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Civil Servant |60 |29. 1 |30. 0 |30. 0 | |Business |82 |39. 8 |41. |71. 0 | |Farmer |2 |1. 0 |1. 0 |72. 0 | |Professional |41 |19. 9 |20. 5 |92. 5 | |Unskilled |5 |2. 4 |2. 5 |95. 0 | |Retired /Pensioner |10 |4. 9 |5. 0 |100. | |Total |200 |97. 1 |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Monthly Income Within the context of prevailing income in Lekki Scheme 1, five income groups may be identified. These are N200, 000 below, N200,001- 400,000, N400,001- 600,000, N600,001- 800,000, N50, 000 – N100, 000) and high income (above N100, 000). Analysis of the estimated monthly income of respondents as presented in Table 6 indicated that 65. 9% of respondents were low income earners, 21. 2% were middle income earners while 12. % were high income earners. In general terms, the majority of the respondents are within the low-income group. Table 4. 7 Income Level Per Month | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |N200,000 below |4 |1. 9 |2. 0 |2. 0 | |N200,001- 400,000 |32 |15. 5 |16. 0 |18. 0 | |N400,001- 600,000 |30 |14. |15. 0 |33. 0 | |N600,001- 800,000 |48 |23. 3 |24. 0 |57. 0 | |N800,000 above |86 |41. 7 |43. 0 |100. 0 | |Total |200 |97. 1 |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Length of Stay Table 4. 7 below shows the frequency and percentage distribution of t he length of stay of the respondents. Majority of the respondents have just stayed 1-2 years as shown on the table above with the highest frequency of 87 out of the 200 administered questionnaires. This represents a valid 42. 2 percent of the 200 administered questionnaires returned. The analysis indicates that most of the respondents are new entrants to Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 Table 4. 8 Length of Stay | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |1-2 yrs |87 |42. |43. 5 |43. 5 | |3-4 yrs |53 |25. 7 |26. 5 |70. 0 | |5-6 yrs |40 |19. 4 |20. 0 |90. 0 | |7 yrs above |20 |9. 7 |10. 0 |100. 0 | | |200 |97. |100. 0 | | |Total | | | | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Household Size Table 4. 8 below categorized the household size of respondents into five (small, low, medium large and mega). Households with less than 2 members were termed â€Å"small sized†, â€Å"low sized† is a household size with 2-4 members, whereas the medium sized household† contains 5-7 members. The â€Å"large sized household† group is any household with 8-10 members while the â€Å"mega sized household† group is any household with more than 11 members. Table 6 indicated that respondents from small sized households represented 14 % of the total respondents. The respondents with low sized households represented 53. 0% of the total households interviewed. Also respondents with medium sized households represented 26. 0% of the total households interviewed. Respondents from large sized households were 6. 0 % of the total sample size while respondents from mega sized households were 1. 0 % of the total sample size. This implies that low sized household is prevalent in Lekki peninsula scheme 1. It should be noted that the group classified as low sized household in this context falls under medium density classification in standardized planning regulation Table 4. 9 Household Size | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Less than 2 |28 |13. 6 |14. 0 |14. 0 | |2- 4 |106 |51. |53. 0 |67. 0 | |5- 7 |52 |25. 2 |26. 0 |93. 0 | |8- 10 |12 |5. 8 |6. 0 |99. 0 | |11 above |2 |1. 0 |1. 0 |100. 0 | |Total |200 |97. 1 |100. | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Business/work Location The table 4. 9 below shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents on business/work location in the study area. The table shows that 27. 0% of the respondents either work or do business at Lekki, 23. 0% of the respondents work or do business at Ikoyi/ Victoria Island, while 17. 0%, 30. 5% and 2. 5% represents respondents that work or do business at Lagos Island, Mainland and outside Lagos state respec tively. This implies that the most of the respondents work or do business at mainland. Outside mainland the next place that most of the respondents work or do business is Lekki with a frequency of 54 out of he 200 respondents interviewed. This also implies that a large proportion of the respondents live and work at Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 Table 4. 10 Business/work Location | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Lekki |54 |26. 2 |27. 0 |27. 0 | |Ikoyi/ Victoria Island |46 |22. |23. 0 |50. 0 | |Lagos Island |34 |16. 5 |17. 0 |67. 0 | |Mainland |61 |29. 6 |30. 5 |97. 5 | |Outside Lagos State |5 |2. 4 |2. 5 |100. 0 | |Total |200 |97. |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 4. 2 Descriptive analysis of Land use Variables This section identifies and explains data on land uses as well as land use determinants factors in Lekki Peninsula scheme 1. The land use analysis is an outcome of careful field survey in which the current land use of each plot was identified. The land use determinant factors considered are Land ownership, acquisition date, legal title t o land, change of use permit and reasons for lack of change of use permit. Land Ownership Table 4. 11 Land Ownership | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Yes |56 |27. 2 |28. 0 |28. 0 | |No |144 |69. 9 |72. 0 |100. 0 | |Total |200 |97. 1 |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Our survey reveals that 28. 0% of the sampled population is the actual owners of the plots or properties while 72% of them said they are not the owners of the plot they are using, which invariably implies that they are tenants. Acquisition Date Table 4. 12 Acquisition Date | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Less than 5 yrs ago |15 |7. 3 |26. 8 |26. | |6-10 yrs |20 |9. 7 |35. 7 |62. 5 | |11- 15 yrs |17 |8. 3 |30. 4 |92. 9 | |Over 15 yrs |4 |1. 9 |7. 1 |100. 0 | |Total |56 |27. 2 |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 The response on acquisition date expressed in relation to time of purchase by the respondents is presented in Table 4. 11. The table shows that 26. 8% and 35. 7% of the respondents bought their plot less than 5 yrs ago and 6-10 yrs respectively. Only 30. 4% of the respondents bought their plot 11-15 yrs ago while 7. 1% of the respondents bought their property over 15 yrs ago. Legal Title to Land Table 4. 13 Legal Title to Land | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Customary |12 |5. |13. 0 |13. 0 | |Statutory |80 |38. 8 |87. 0 |100. 0 | |Total |92 |44. 7 |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 From table 4. 12 above it shows that 13% of the respondents obtained legal title of their land through customary procedure, while 87. 0% obtained a statutory title. Table 4. 17 Change of use Permit |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Yes |25 |12. 1 |12. 5 |12. 5 | |No |110 |53. 4 |55. 0 |67. 5 | |No Idea |65 |31. 6 |32. 5 |100. 0 | |Total |200 |97. |100. 0 | | | | | | | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Table 4. 5 above titled Change of use Permit represents the respondents’ response to questionnaire (Do you have Change of use Permit? ). It shows that 12. 5% of the respondents answered yes while 55% answered no and 32. 5% of the respondents answered no idea. Reasons For Lack of Change of Use permit Table 4. 18 Reason For Lack of Change of Use permit |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |High Cost |31 |15. 0 |28. 2 |28. 2 | |Not aware |50 |24. 3 |45. 5 |73. 6 | |It takes time |14 |6. 8 |12. 7 |86. 4 | |Dont know how to go about |15 |7. |13. 6 |100. 0 | |it | | | | | |Total |110 |53. 4 |100. 0 | | Source: Field Survey 2011 Most of the respondents (45. 5%) claimed that they are not aware of the need for change of use permit 28. 2% claimed that the process of obtaining change of use permit is costly and cumbersome. Also 12. 7% and 13. % of the respondents claimed that it takes time and that they don’t know h ow to go about it respectively. However, it could be suggested from the interview conducted that, most of the respondents are not just bordered about change of use permit, given the fact that they are conscious of the quality of the buildings and the general environment. When the process is measured against the anticipated benefits of such exercise, they perhaps consider it not worth the efforts. Also for the fact that most of them belong to the medium and high income group therefore, they could actually afford the fees associated with the process of legal title. From the study on level of conversion in the low density development the total number of plot is 799 while the total numbers of plots that have been converted are 34. This implies that 4. 26% of the plots in the low density in the study area have been converted. The total Percentage of plots that have been converted was worked as follows, [pic] Therefore, substituting from the above equation percentage (p) [pic] P = 4. 26% While, in the medium density development the total number of plot in the medium density development is 2448 while the total number of plots that have been converted are 33. This implies that 1. 39% of the plots in the medium density in the study area have been converted. The total Percentage of plots that have been converted was worked as follows, [pic] Therefore, substituting from the above equation percentage (p) [pic] P =1. 39% This calculation put the total percentage of plots that have been converted in both medium and low to 5. 65%. This also implies that the annual rate of conversion in the study area can be estimated as follows; Annual rate of conversion (AR) [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Regression analysis of the factors that induces invasion in Lekki Peninsula scheme 1 This section examines the impacts of some causative factors in the invasion of commercial uses on residential area of Lekki scheme 1. The causative factors include the policy attributes, economic attributes, physical attributes, time attributes and social attributes factors. The section shows that invasion is affected by these causative factors; however time attributes factor such as date of acquisition and age of layout treated as length of stay of respondent was considered to be irrelevant in the analysis. Policy attributes has R2 statistic of 0. 660, with a multiple determination coefficient, R2 showing that 66. 0% of the variations in invasion (changes in land use from commercial to residential) is explained by zoning regulation policy presented as building/plot use and change of use permit. Economic attributes has R2 statistics of 0. 565 with a multiple determination coefficient, R2, showing that 56. 5% of the variations in invasion is explained by the income level per month and Rent for Duplex per Month. Physical attributes has R2 statistic of 0. 597 and a multiple determination coefficient, R2, showing that 59. % of the variations in invasion is explained by the plot size and accessibility variables and finally, social attribute factors has R2 statistics value of 0. 630 and coefficient of the multiple determination, R2, indicating that 63. 0% of the variations in invasion is explained by household size and occupation. In all policy attribute was considered to have the highest effe ct or impact as the case might be (see tables). Table 4. 22 Multiple Regression Results: Policy Attributes Model Summary (b) |Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R Square |Std. Error of the Estimate |Durbin-Watson | |1 |. 815(a) |. 665 |. 660 |. 238 |. 193 | a Predictors: (Constant), Change of use Permit, Building/Plot Use b Dependent Variable: Invasion in Lekki Scheme 1 Table 4. 25 Multiple Regression Results Economic attributes Model Summary(b) |Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R Square |Std. Error of the Estimate |Durbin-Watson | |1 |. 755(a) |. 570 |. 65 |. 323 |. 062 | a Predictors: (Constant), Rent for Duplex per Month, Income Level Per Month b Dependent Variable: Invasion in Lekki Scheme 1 Table 4. 28 Multiple Regression Results; Physical attributes Model Summary (b) |Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R Square |Std. Error of the Estimate |Durbin-Watson | |1 |. 775(a) |. 601 |. 597 |. 311 |. 095 | Predictors: (Constant), Accessibility as reason for rent offered , Plot Sizes in Lekki Scheme 1 b Dependent Variable: Invasion in Lekki Scheme 1 Table 4. 31 Multiple Regression Results; social attributes Model Summary (b) |Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R Square |Std. Error of the Estimate |Durbin-Watson | |1 |. 796(a) |. 634 |. 630 |. 298 |. 077 | a Predictors: (Constant), Occupation of Respondent, Household Size b Dependent Variable: Invasion in Lekki Scheme However, this result can not be used to make generalization since the factors were not significant at 95% confidence level. Social attribute came second with 63. 0% making it the most important factor that impacts or affects invasion with Probability of F ; = . 05. The factors are arranged in their order of importance in table 4. 32 below; Table 4. 33 showing the regression performance of the variables in descending order |S/N |Factors |R2 Score |% Contribution |Position | |1 |Policy attribute |0. 60 |66. 0 |1st | |2 |Social attribute |0. 630 |63. 0 |2nd | |3 |Physical attributes |0. 597 |59. 0 |3rd | |4 |Economic attributes |0. 565 |56. 5 |4th | Source: Field Survey 2011 5. Summary of Findings 5. 1 Conclusion and policy issues Our analysis revealed that the most dominant land use in Lekki peninsula scheme 1 presently is mixed use development. The study also revealed that there is a population increase in Lekki peninsula scheme 1 comprising mostly married men from outside Lagos state at very active age of 31-40 years who are university/polytechnic graduates into businesses with a household size range of 2-4. The observed pattern or process of invasion showed that these changes take place without change of use permit. This situation is perceived to be orchestrated by inadequacy in knowledge of planning regulation more especially change of use regulation and some times the cost and time implication of obtaining change of use permit. The analysis further revealed that there are factors responsible for the invasion in the study area which when categorized into policy attributes, economic attributes, physical attributes, time attributes and social attributes exhibit a significant variation in their individual contributions and impact on the invasion. Hence, the results of the respective regression models showed that social attributes and policy attributes are more important than the economic attributes and physical attributes in the determination of the invasion, unlike time attribute that was irrelevant to the regression model. The R2 values showed that 66. 0% of the variations in invasion (changes in land use from commercial to residential) is explained by zoning regulation policy presented as building/plot use and change of use permit. Economic attributes has R2 statistics of 0. 65 with a multiple determination coefficient, R2, showing that 56. 5% of the variations in invasion is explained by the income level per month and Rent for Duplex per Month. Physical attributes has R2 statistic of 0. 597 and a multiple determination coefficient, R2, showing that 59. 7% of the variations in invasion is explained by the plot size and accessibility variables and finally, social attribute factors has R2 statistics value of 0. 630 and coeff icient of the multiple determination, R2, indicating that 63. % of the variations in invasion is explained by household size and occupation. In all policy attribute was considered to have the highest effect or impact as the case might be. This means that policy and social attributes has the highest effect on invasion and therefore we reject the hypothesis that economic and physical attributes are the major causes of invasion of commercial uses in residential area of Lekki Peninsula scheme 1. The study area had undergone a substantial level of change from residential use to commercial use. Commercial activities brought about a lot of inconveniencies like high rent, invasion of privacy, traffic congestion, pollution, strain on existing infrastructure and others. Although the changes promote activities, its side effects seem to out- weight the benefits. Another predominant feature is that buildings that have not been fully converted have partial conversion of use. This kind of conversion requires a small portion of either the veranda or the frontage of the building converted to commercial use or some cases the building is extended to accommodate the commercial activities, usually in form of kiosks or block buildings. Totally converted buildings is a common phenomenon in places like Admiralty road, Jubril Ayinla way and Bisola Durosinmi Etie drive, while some few buildings are partial conversion. This partial conversion is most prominent in low income residents whose commercial activities are mostly informal in nature The change in land use also create some problems like traffic congestion, lack of parking adequate space, noise pollution, strain on infrastructural facilities and housing shortage. Although it is legally possible for property to change its use from the original use, majority of the changes did not follow legal process. . 2 Recommendation In view of the problems highlighted, the following approaches are suggested to check the illegal change of use in our urban areas; Review of the Lekki Peninsula scheme 1, approval order development of Lekki model plan to take care of these changes. Preparation of lower order but more detailed maps such as district plan and local plans. It is these t hat would make for effective monitoring of land use within the scheme. Fines should be imposed on buildings that have changed their uses from the original plan without following appropriate change of use procedure. Public enlightenment and public participation should be encouraged to a large extent. There is need for aggressive workshops, press release, and advertisement on television and radio on the implications of illegal conversion of uses and the process of obtaining permission for legal change of use. The legal process for property conversion should also be more citizen – friendly, payments should be fair and the process void of cumbersomeness. Finally, the government should endeavour to fund town planning authority and training of Personnel especially in the area of human and resources management. . 3 Contribution to Knowledge Knowledge from this study explained the sudden invasion of residential land use by commercial uses in Lekki phase 1 and show that the change was necessary to maximize optimum return from the land. These findings are signal to property developers and investors to utilize. The study highlight the need for legal framework on conversion and advice that rational developers should be aware of the implications of business cycles, in that demand for new buildings are highly sensitive to short-term output changes. According to building Act 2004 of Great Britain, that defined change of use as when a change in a building’s use will require upgrading to certain systems and elements. For example, a residential house becomes a restaurant, a warehouse becomes an apartment, and a garage becomes a studio and sleep out. Downs (1982) argues that conversion of property from lower use to higher category use can be profitable and favour individual owners. He stresses that economic conversion is an event in which property owners make or create a change in the real estate so that the net rent which can be earned from the property is increased. 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Free Essays on Attorney-Client Privilege

The court's holding in Goldberger was not absolute, it acknowledged the possibility of special circumstances under which the disclosure of client- identifying information may be privileged. This narrow exception, however, does not apply to the plaintiff here. Special circumstances under which client- identity and fee information would be privileged exist when there is a direct link between the disclosure and the revelation of a confidential communication, or when the disclosure of client-identifying information would directly incriminate the client by providing the last link in an existing chain of evidence against the client. U.S. v. Goldberger U.S. v. Sindel, 53 F.3d 874 (8th Cir. 1995); U.S. v. Leventhal, 961 F.2d 936, 940 (11th Cir. 1992); Cf. U.S. v. Dichne, 612 F.2d 632, 640-641 (2d Cir. 1979). No such circumstances exist here. Plaintiff has not made any showing that including the client-identifying information omitted from the 8300 Form filed in July 1993 would reveal a confi dential communication or constitute the last link in a chain of incriminating evidence against its client. Thus, the information necessary to file a complete 8300 Form was not protected from disclosure under Goldberger, and the attorney-client privilege does not provide grounds upon which plaintiff can base its claim of reasonable cause warranting a waiver of the penalty assessed against it by the IRS.... Free Essays on Attorney-Client Privilege Free Essays on Attorney-Client Privilege The court's holding in Goldberger was not absolute, it acknowledged the possibility of special circumstances under which the disclosure of client- identifying information may be privileged. This narrow exception, however, does not apply to the plaintiff here. Special circumstances under which client- identity and fee information would be privileged exist when there is a direct link between the disclosure and the revelation of a confidential communication, or when the disclosure of client-identifying information would directly incriminate the client by providing the last link in an existing chain of evidence against the client. U.S. v. Goldberger U.S. v. Sindel, 53 F.3d 874 (8th Cir. 1995); U.S. v. Leventhal, 961 F.2d 936, 940 (11th Cir. 1992); Cf. U.S. v. Dichne, 612 F.2d 632, 640-641 (2d Cir. 1979). No such circumstances exist here. Plaintiff has not made any showing that including the client-identifying information omitted from the 8300 Form filed in July 1993 would reveal a confi dential communication or constitute the last link in a chain of incriminating evidence against its client. Thus, the information necessary to file a complete 8300 Form was not protected from disclosure under Goldberger, and the attorney-client privilege does not provide grounds upon which plaintiff can base its claim of reasonable cause warranting a waiver of the penalty assessed against it by the IRS....

Biography of Prince Albert, Husband of Queen Victoria

Biography of Prince Albert, Husband of Queen Victoria Prince Albert (August 26, 1819- December 13, 1861) was a German prince who married Britains Queen Victoria and helped spark an era of technological innovation as well as personal style. Albert initially was seen by the British as an interloper in British society, but his intelligence, interest in inventions, and capability in diplomatic affairs made him a respected figure. Albert, who eventually held the title prince consort, died in 1861 at age 42, leaving Victoria a widow whose trademark attire became the black of mourning. Fast Facts: Prince Albert Known For: Husband of Queen Victoria, statesmanAlso Known As: Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-GothaBorn: August 26, 1819 in Rosenau, GermanyParents: Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-AltenburgDied: December 13, 1861 in Windsor,  Berkshire, EnglandEducation: University of BonnSpouse: Queen VictoriaChildren: Victoria Adelaide Mary, Albert Edward, Alice Maud Mary, Alfred Ernest Albert, Helena Augusta Victoria, Louise Caroline Alberta, Arthur William Patrick, Leopold George Duncan, Beatrice Mary VictoriaNotable Quote: I am only the husband, and not the master in the house. Early Life Albert was born on Aug. 26, 1819, in Rosenau, Germany. He was the second son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Luise Pauline Charlotte Friederike Auguste, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, and was greatly influenced by his uncle Leopold, who became king of Belgium in 1831. As a teenager, Albert traveled to Britain and met Princess Victoria, who was his first cousin and nearly his age. They were friendly but Victoria was not impressed with the young Albert, who was shy and awkward. He attended the University of Bonn in Germany. The British were interested in finding a suitable husband for the young princess who was to ascend to the throne. British political tradition decreed that a monarch could not marry a commoner, and the British pool of appropriate candidates was small, so Victorias future husband would have to come from European royalty. A flirtation with Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, heir to the Russian throne, was heartfelt and mutual, but marriage was deemed strategically, politically, and geographically impossible, so matchmakers looked elsewhere. Alberts relatives on the continent, including King Leopold of Belgium, essentially steered the young man toward becoming Victorias husband. In 1839, two years after Victoria became queen, Albert returned to England. She proposed marriage and he accepted. Marriage Queen Victoria married Albert on February 10, 1840, at St. James Palace in London. At first, the British public and the aristocracy thought little of Albert. While he was born of European royalty, his family was not wealthy or powerful. He was often portrayed as someone marrying for prestige or money. Albert was quite intelligent, however, and was devoted to helping his wife serve as monarch. Over time he became an indispensable aide to the queen, advising her on political and diplomatic affairs. Victoria and Albert had nine children, and by all accounts, their marriage was very happy. They loved being together, sometimes sketching or listening to music. The royal family was portrayed as the ideal family, and setting an example for the British public was considered a major part of their role. Albert also contributed to a tradition familiar to Americans. His German family brought trees into the house at Christmas, and he introduced that tradition to Britain. The Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a fashion in Britain that was carried across the ocean. Career In their early years of marriage, Albert was frustrated that Victoria didnt assign him tasks that he felt were up to his abilities. He wrote to a friend that he was only the husband, not the master in the house. Albert busied himself with his interests in music and hunting, but he eventually became involved in serious matters of statesmanship. In 1848, when much of Europe was shaken by the revolutionary movement, Albert cautioned that the rights of working people had to be seriously considered. He was a progressive voice at a crucial time. Thanks to Alberts interest in technology, he was the main force behind the Great Exhibition of 1851, a grand show of science and inventions held at a stunning new edifice in London, the Crystal Palace. The exhibition, intended to showcase how society was being changed for the better by science and technology, was a great success. Throughout the 1850s, Albert was often deeply involved in the affairs of state. He was known for clashing with Lord Palmerston, a highly influential British politician who served as foreign minister and also prime minister. In the mid-1850s, when Albert cautioned against the Crimean War against Russia, some in Britain accused him of being pro-Russian. While Albert was influential, for the first 15 years of his marriage he did not receive a royal title from Parliament. Victoria was disturbed that her husbands rank was not clearly defined. In 1857, the official title of prince consort was finally bestowed upon Albert by Queen Victoria. Death In late 1861, Albert was stricken with typhoid fever, a serious disease but not usually a fatal one. His habit of working long hours may have weakened him, and he suffered greatly from the disease. Hopes for his recovery dimmed, and he died on Dec. 13, 1861. His death came as a shock to the British public, especially as he was only 42 years old. On his deathbed, Albert was involved in helping to lower tensions with the United States over an incident at sea. An American naval vessel had stopped a British ship, the Trent, and seized two emissaries from the Confederate government during the early stages of the American Civil War. Some in Britain took the American naval action as a grave insult and wanted to go to war with the U.S. Albert viewed the United States as a nation friendly to Britain and helped steer the British government from what surely would have been a pointless war. The death of her husband devastated Queen Victoria. Her grief seemed excessive even to people of her own time. Victoria lived as a widow for 40 years  and was always seen wearing black, which helped create her image as a sullen, remote figure. Indeed, the term Victorian often implies a seriousness that is in part due to Victorias image as someone in deep grief. Legacy There is no question that Victoria deeply loved Albert. After his death, he was honored by being entombed in an elaborate mausoleum at Frogmore House, not far from Windsor Castle. After her death, Victoria was entombed beside him. After his death, he became better known for his statesmanship and his service to Queen Victoria. The Royal Albert Hall in London was named in honor of Prince Albert, and his name is also affixed to Londons Victoria and Albert Museum. A bridge crossing the Thames, which Albert suggested building in 1860, is also named in his honor. Sources Albert, Prince Consort: British Prince. Encyclopedia Brittanica.Prince Albert Biography. Biography.comLove Before Prince Albert: Queen Victorias Suitors. History Extra.

Account of buisness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Account of buisness - Assignment Example 1). Both study results form a basis for discussing and analysing whether ABC can work for smaller businesses as they abandon the conventional costing system. The following paper discusses whether SMEs are ready to adopt the activity based costing system as an effective tool to achieve the desired level of cost savings and efficiency. First, ABC is not very popular amongst corporations today. Considering many SMEs follow the operational trends of corporations with the intention of reaching their levels of success through cost savings, the popularity of ABC amongst corporations is worth noting (Fladkjà ¦r and Jensen, 2011, p. 3). According to CIMA, ABC is a strategy for the costing and monitoring of activities that entail drawing resource usage and costing final products. Corporations assign resources to activities, and activities to cost items based on usage approximations (Chapman et al., 2011, p. 669). According to Henrik Fladkjà ¦r and Erling Jensen, SMEs seldom implement the ABC system due to two key reasons. First, ABC is very hard to apply. Second, the data basis for ABC is not accessible in the needed quality in ERP systems used by SMEs (Fladkjà ¦r and Jensen, 2011, p. 21). A highly competitive global economy contributes to SMEs’ readiness to implement ABC. A competitive economy compels SMEs to lower the price of their commodities or services by raising output, improving product or service costing, or both. Challenges related to the shift from traditional costing systems to ABC cause rates of adopting ABC to lag behind corporations (Joà £o and Machado, 2012, p. 179). Researchers Owen Hall and Charles McPeak note these challenges as the cost of applying ABC, approximating the advantages of the ABC system, and incorporating ABC into the general management outline. As a result, the Hall and McPeak recommend SMEs to consider factors that affect a business’ ability to apply new expertise. These factors are organisational willingness, fiscal

Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multiculturalism - Essay Example To have a multicultural state, the nation must be a multi-ethnic; the cultures should be open, self-critical, and interactive in their relations with other each other (Interviews by Cindi John, 2004). It means welcomming, living, sharing and caring for and with culturally diverse people. This diversity comes from people who migrate from their respective nations in search for better conditions than those available back home. Most often the reason cited for this immigration is for a look out of a prospective job, however reasons such as looking for a safe and secure environment can also be seen. The immigration of muslim communities to muslim nations is one such example. The roots of Multiculturalism in the US can be found in the Civil Rights Movement of 1960s when the minorites (Blacks) fought for their rights (UWM, 2002). Thus it can be said that even though the immigrants do not hold citizenship of the country they live in, yet they have their rights which the a multiculturistic country must give in order to prevent discord and conflicts. Multiculturalism is thought to be connected to a solution in solving the problem of racism and discrimination in the society. According to the literature, when culturally diverse people live together, they form a bond; a sort of a relationship between themselves. After the initial conflicts and misunderstandings are over, they start to learn from each other and appreciate each other's diversity. Different cultures are understood, language is simplified, feeling of humanity is restored and as a result diversity is accepted and racism extinguished. 2. Diversity Breeds Creativity, Skills & Knowledge People from different backgrounds and cultures have different skills, talents and knowledge. This is what makes them so different. This diversity is good for any organization which employes culturally diverse people. People bring in different knowledge and skills which is essential for any growing organization. New ideas are bred, skills are exchnaged and learnt, and as a result creativity is enhanced. A study done by Sweeney, Weaven, & Herington (2008), showed the positive effect on quality of work done by diverse people working in groups. This goes on to show that countries promote multiculuralism since it is good for their country and its people. A third world nations, like Pakistan or India, can find it increasingly beneficial when foreigneres bring foreign direct investment, new technoloy and know-how, as well as any information or skills previouly not available in the country. 3. Exposure For any country, the exposure of its resources is beneficial for the economic situation. Through multiculturalism, people belonging to other countries can come and help enhance, grow and improve the existing industry. Once a country gets known for its industry, talent, skills or resources, it creates demand for more and hence get the wheel of the country moving. This is the case with Dubai, where many different cultures live and continue to come in because of the attractiveness of the Emirate. Cons of Multiculturalism Where there are countries that promote multiculturalism due to its advantages,

Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay Example for Free

Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay Nurses must be cultural competent before going abroad for them to be able to deliver nursing care that will allow effective interactions and the development of appropriate responses to persons from diverse cultures, races and ethnic backgrounds. Filipino nurses were overworked and underpaid in their own country, which is believed the reason that prods nurses to migrate. One main reason why Filipino nurses work abroad is to have a better future, where ever it may be, beside, most of Filipino nurses were somehow oriented about the culture of other states. They thought that it is better to shift gears for success rather waiting for nothing until they will got old. The principle of each and every Filipino nurses that works abroad, which is to have a better life in days to come is always proven, and the effectiveness of hard work and patience will always have the good result, and a better way of living that will bring them in each sweat that they done best, one of the good factor in working abroad is having the assurance to the successful, if one will do their best to do their best to pursue the dreamed to have a better life. Every Filipino nurses before going abroad must possess cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter and cultural desire. Q2. How can the revealed problems of nurses affect the changing practices in the multicultural health settings? Being in new country can be challenging because of the link between language and culture. Although other countries have the necessary language qualifications for entry of practice, they have difficulties if the workplace language is their second language. Nurses need to adjust on how to interact with patients, colleagues and fellow professionals in a multi-disciplinary team. They can experience cognitive fatigue from the need to concentrate on hearing and speaking of unfamiliar language. Language difficulties can lead to medical errors or near misses which affects the quality of care to patient. Male nurses can also face discrimination from other health care workers. Particularly in a work place full of female nurses, they may find they are not given the same respect that female nurses receive in the work place. It is important to speak to a supervisor, where it involves a colleague; they should try speaking to that person first. He may not have recognised that what they were saying amounted to discrimination. Everyone deserves a work place free from discrimination and stereotyping. The more men who continue to train to become nurses and more everyone speaks but against discrimination, the more effective all nurses can be in helping patients. Nurses who are sexually harassed at work frustration and emotional consequences. Sexual harassment at work increases anxiety and undermines the nurse’s ability to focus on the delivery of safe and competent care. Homesickness, weather and food are hard for the Filipino nurses to be adjusted of. But for the sake of their future they conquer this problem. They just think that they have higher income, better benefits and compensation package, lower nurse-patient ratio, more options on working hours and change to upgrade nursing skills, opportunity for family to migrate, opportunity to travel and learn other cultures, influence from peers and relatives and to experience advance technology, better socio-political and economic stability. Q3. Guided by the problems uncovered how the political and economic issues in the healthcare system may improve the nursing practice. Give at least five (5) substantial evidences. Politicians worldwide are confronted by the conflicting demands of a health service increasingly hungry for cash to fund advancing technology, an ageing population requiring more care and a public that wishes to keep taxation low. Changes may also come from a real desire to move the focus of healthcare away from an insensitive technological approach to one based on holistic care. At a time when the status of doctors is in decline, hastened by isolated but high profile ‘scandals’, it is easier to raise the status and responsibilities of nurses, whom the public regard with respect and affection. Other pressures have added to this process. These include a requirement to reduce the working hours of junior medical staff, and new training schemes which provide for more formal teaching and less face-to-face contact with patients. The medical focus is changing from treatment only, to active prevention strategies for example, screening for colorectal cancer. Biological therapies, such as antibodies for Crohns disease, are substantially more expensive than traditional drug treatments. Consumers that is, the healthcare-seeking publicare better informed and living longer. They are less tolerant of long waiting lists and want to be active participants in their own healthcare. Nurses are now generally better educated, within a university environment, and are more able to take on responsibility for patient care. The reaction of doctors to change in the status of nurses has been mixed. Some have embraced change enthusiastically: ‘Nurses can do some of what doctors do, usually to the greater satisfaction of patients. Others have been more guarded. But change seems inevitable. The question may be more about whether change will be imposed for the sake of political expediency or whether health professionals will take the lead in shaping the health service of the future. [pic] As I can see this paradigm, the message of this paradigm is as simple as we are committed to delivery of health care service that consist of Transcultural nursing, changing practice, health care system, political and economic issues, ethical, legal and social issues, bioethical issues in nursing and health care and issues in health care.

Deserving to Die Essay -- Article Review, Robert Lee

Robert Lee makes many arguments to argue justification of capital punishment in his article, â€Å"Deserving to Die.† Some of the stronger ones involve the deterrent effect of the use of the death penalty, why the cost of execution is so high, and how the use of the death penalty increases overall public safety. In Lee’s first argument, he argues that the use of capital punishment helps reduce overall crime by acting as a deterrent to crime. In at least one respect, capital punishment is unquestionably a deterrent, as Lee puts it, â€Å"It simply cannot be contested that a killer, once executed, is forever deterred from killing again† (142). Of course, a deceased killer can never kill again, but the effect that death penalty has on others, potential future criminals, is the important question. Lee argues that whether or not it is a deterrent, relies on how swiftly and surely the death penalty is executed. The majority of people are afraid of dying, and if they co uld choose, would prefer not to die anytime soon. This proves how the death penalty can be a deterrent to other potential criminals to not kill someone, out of fear that they will be put to death themselves. There have also been some circumstances where actual statistical evidence proves the deterrent effect of capital punishment. In the time since the Utah Supreme Court ruled in 1976 that capital punishment be legalized again in the state, there have been three executions. After each of the executions, specifically the year after the executions took place, there were significant decreases in both the number and the rate of murders within the state, compared to previous year(s) (Lee 143). Lee himself does acknowledge that of course there are other variables that could have influence... ...bvious propositions—e.g., that a heavy ball will fall faster if dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa than a light one [would]—are actually false† (150). Freedman also lists some empirical statistics that further prove his point that it does not necessarily deter crime, including that, â€Å"Eighteen of the 20 states with the highest murder rates have and use the death penalty,† and that, â€Å"of the nation’s 20 big cities with the highest murder rates, 17 are in death penalty jurisdictions† (151). He also points out, among other statistics and claims, that, while this deterrent effect of capital punishment is â€Å"†¦perhaps the single most studied issue in the social science, The results are as unanimous as scholarly studies can be in finding the death penalty not to be a deterrent† (emphasis added) (151). These statistics mostly speak for themselves and are very surprising.

Happy: Gender and Old Fashion Remedies Essay

The Woman Box is full of old fashion remedies that took placed a very long time ago. Its basically saying that woman are less than men and that men are in charge and women aren’t, women should just follow and do what they say do because they are superiors and women are inferior, women are weak and are less value, and view them as property of men, and sexual objects. I totally disagree with this and to me this is totally insulting. Even though I know that’s how things went back in the day and I’m glad that things changed and everyone are consider equally. As a woman, I know that I can do almost everything that a man can do and just like they can work for 12 hours or more, I do that every day with no problem. How hard is it to act outside the rules society has set for each gender? Well for men, for them to act outside of the rules society has set for them is like being a punk or they would be looked at differently and less of or they just are not consider cool anymore. Women on the other hand act outside of the rules society has set for them because we are no longer living in the past where we are inferior to anyone. We work and do as we please and over 90% of women today are leaders and we are stronger than ever. Do you think The Man Box or The Women Box is the same in all families? In all cultures? I don’t think that The Man Box or The Women Box is the same in all families and cultures, however in some families and cultures it still exist. Like in Afghanistan, I know their women still live up to these rules and more cultures do also. In the United States there are many families that still live up to these rules and they think its okay to be looked down at. Tony Porter says that the contents of The Man Box lead men to believe that violence against women is OK. Do you agree or disagree with this assertion? I definitely agree with Tony saying that the contents of The Man Box lead men to believe that violence against women is ok because it give men to many excuses to treat women unequal and treated like they are inferior and it also tell men that it is ok to be violent, controlling and basically flat out abusive. Tony Porter says â€Å"My liberation as a man is tied to your liberation as a woman.† What do you think he means by this? Tony meant that all human is equal and should be treated as one. That it is ok to teach and raise out son that violence against women is unacceptable and that as a boy, young man and adult man that it is ok to cry have feelings. What else did you find provocative in this talk? I found that when his father waited until the women left the car to cry and share his emotions with his son provocative. Its strange because I know a lot of men who will not cry or show emotions in front of women because they don’t want to be looked at different. Some men think that it is not okay for men to cry. I was really happy that he got it out no matter who he was in front of because holding anything in can also tear you to pieces.

Critical Analysis of Traditional and Agile Project Management Essay

INTRODUCTION Project is an effort taken to build something unique within a specific period. (PMBOK, 2004: 20). This means that a project has a starting and an ending which has to be completed within the specified time. For a project to be completed within time limit and with little or no flaws, a plan has to be put in place so as to get a desired result. Project planning is the determination of the progress of a project to be carried out in a serial manner. (Successful Project Management, 2011: 57). Project planning is very essential in managing a project and will be discussed in detail specifically in traditional and agile project management which is the two major project management approaches. Critical analysis of these two approaches in respect to project planning will be given. That is treating the necessary processes in planning a project. Tools, techniques, and project lifecycle models used in project management will be explored. See more: how to write an analysis OVERVIEW Traditional project management TPM is a set of technique and tools that can be applied to an activity that seeks an end product, outcomes or service. This is a well taught out planning process which has a very strict control method that makes distinguishable stages in a project life cycle (hass, 2007). Requirement such as scope, cost and time are determined upfront, followed plans are also well laid out and once laid out, it cannot be modified. Due to this, life cycles are easily recognizable. Task are completed one after another once completed, it cannot be revisited. In TPM, a lot of importance is attached  to documentation of business needs thereby stakeholders needs are already known (Leybourne, 2009). TPM is based on the fact that situations surrounding project and activities are predictable and manageable (Hass 2007, Yusuf et al 1999). TPM views each project level as a separate process whose outcome or completion has an effect on how and when subsequent levels begin (caddle and Yeates 2008; Thonsett 2012). According to Larman (2004), a well thought out rule on project team members’ responsibilities are determined at the planning phase. This makes team members accountable for the project which ensures control (Saladis and Kezner, 2009). Examples of traditional models are: 1. PRINCE2 2. Waterfall 3. Event chain 4. CA-PPM. Agile project management APM is all about incremental iteration, adaptability, agility and collaboration (Scuh, 2005; Larman, 2004). It takes individual and iteration contribution over process and tools. It lays emphasis on short cycles of structure which happen at different levels and also emphasis on feedback (Hass, 2007). All plans are revisited to get certainty of delivery. APM sees the project as product increment. Due to its lack of structure, it requires a considerable amount of discipline and coordination. APM allows project scope to change rapidly and frequently which is done by constant communication with project stakeholders. APM teams consist of skilled members fully dedicated to the project and are co-located (Hass, 2007; Wysocki). The whole idea of what APM is all about is based on the agile manifesto. It was put forward by Martin Fowler and Jim Highsmith (wysocki,). Its content are given below: â€Å"We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items  on the left more.† Types of agile project management approaches are as follows: 1. Agile Unified Process (AUP) 2. Scrum 3. Lean Software Development 4. Extreme Programming (XP) 5. Dynamic Systems Development Method 6. Feature Driven Development Scope Planning Scope planning is a process that describes and documents the boundaries of a project and project expectation. TPM is a rigid approach that gives no room to change once the scope plan has been created. Plans are made to prevent change in project scope. It focuses on developing all parts of the scope first. Documentation is very detailed trying to encompass the whole requirement. The project scope statement consists of the objective and boundaries of the project and also product specification. Work breakdown structure is then created. In TPM, steps are taken that the team sticks to the scope of the project. Scope planning in APM is a high-level activity because little is known of the solution. Change is a key part of APM, making the scope very flexible. The scope is constantly redefined due to the series of iterations. Ideas could be added at stage of the project. Documentations is present but not as detailed as in TPM. APM focuses on developing the most important part of the scope first and then proceed to the next. Human Resource Planning In TPM, team is usually large in number and consists of various levels of skilled members. The teams are very organized. The teams don’t make decisions on their own without the approval of senior managers. APM team members are proficient and are highly skilled, they are collocated in order to handle changes in project scope and also performance, communication and more so, interrelation. APM consists of small team, members are mostly between five and nine, and they also are highly productive. Agile teams are self-organizing and disciplined (Hewson, 2006). Agile teams are basically  independent. Risk Planning TPM assumes that there will be risk in the project. This is put into consideration at the planning of the project and measures are put in place to handle it. Projects in APM are volatile and very unstable because the solutions are not known. Every iteration cycle comes with its own risks. These risks are expected and are handled sequentially when it arises during project (Owen et al, 2006). Proponents of agile approach argue that dealing with real risk is better than preparing for unknown risk (Schuh, 2005). Quality Quality in agile is often determined by the regular feedback and acknowledgement of the customer’s view of the quality of the product. Time planning: In traditional approach, time estimation is dependent on the amount of tasks to be executed. Time estimation is done right after the WBS is created. Effort is made in other to complete the project within the required time (Hass, 2007). In agile approach, time estimation is based on features. The numbers of features to be developed determine the amount of time that will be used. Scheduling and workflow are also closely aligned. Management style: In TPM, the project manager is responsible solely for the planning and allocation of responsibilities (Kerzner, 2003). Traditional project managers focus more on the schedule, scope and budget (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). In APM, the project manager works in collaboration with the team (Hass, 2007). Agile managers focus more on the business value and deliverables (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). Cost management: Agile projects should be based on either a cost-reimbursable system, or the client accepts scope is a variable based on achieving the maximum improvement possible for a pre-set budget. This is a totally different philosophy to traditional project governance. Tools, Technique, models, and Project Lifecycle Models There are numerous tool and technique that can be utilized in the course of planning a project which include: Gantt chart is a graphical representation for scheduling the execution of various project activities. It can be used to make an approximation of time required to complete the  project. Brainstorming involves the assembling of idea by a group of people in order to solve problem and to arrive at a conclusion. It is essential in development of new ideas. Work breakdown structure (WBS) is the breaking down of project into smaller more manageable pieces in a hierarchical order. Each level in WBS is a smaller piece of the level above. Fishbone diagram is also known as cause-and-effect diagram. It is used to check the cause of a specific event. They also help during the collating and analyzing factors phase of project planning. Critical Path Method involves dealing with activities that has to be completed in order for other activities to be completed. It helps in the sequencing and correlating of interdependent processes. PERT Chart is a representation that shows the task to be performed serially in a graphical form. It helps to focus more on the most critical part of the project in order to reduce constriction. Project Charter is a document that formally authorizes a project statement. It contains project justification, business needs and so on. . (PMBOK, 2004) Scope Statement ensures that only the required work is done. That is work is not done out of scope of the project. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WBS is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be done by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. WBS is a tool which focuses on how a project work should be done. It breaks down the work to be done into smaller sections that can be managed by the project team, each section give details of the project work as such giving team understanding of what do(Biafore, 2011). WBS can be depicted as an outline or a diagram (Biafore, 2011). The number of levels present in a WBS should be reasonable as this is determined by how voluminous and complex the project is. WBS helps in d identification of task, brings to light what d project entails and a lot of other tools depend on WBS. It also allows stakeholders have an understanding of the scope of the project (Biafore, 2011). PERT Chart (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) It is visual illustration of a project plan task. It document important or critical phases of a project. It helps to identify critical processes and  the time that the process will end. It can also help in the documentation of a project. It helps in the organizing and scheduling of interrelated tasks in a complex project (Chinneck, 2009). It does this by using a network description to show parallel relationships between tasks (Chinneck, 2009). It helps in the completion of each task in other of precedence. It is a very important tool for tracking project activities and milestones. PERT enables the project team to handle task in order of importance. It also deal with uncertainty in process completion dates and determines activities start and end dates. Finally, PERT chart can be adjusted at anytime in the duration of the project. Linear Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a simple TPM approach which does not allow for returning to a project which has previously been completed. (Effective : 329). This means that once a phase in a project is completed, there will be no room to do any kind of adjustment. Incremental Project Management Lifecycle Model It is a traditional TPM in which unlike linear. It releases a solution to each phase of the project and it also emphasis on customer value than the linear approach. (Fernandez, Fernandez). Iterative Project Management Lifecycle Model In the iterative PMLC, change is required as it is the important part of the model. It is a learn by doing strategy. (Fernandez, Fernandez). All iteration consists of feedback loop, and it involves more clients and customers than incremental. Adaptive Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a PMLC that almost nothing is known about the solution and almost all of it are designed for software development project. It deals with a high level of uncertainty because little is known of the end product. Extreme Project Management Lifecycle Model In this model, there is no broad knowledge and solution about the project. The level of uncertainty is high and also that of clients too. CONCLUSION After looking at the two approaches, it is seen that both approaches are good  and can work perfectly well depending on the project at hand. TPM due to its detailed planning is the preferred choice for structured project. It is used in large projects that have well understood features and requirements and which involves large teams. Also, TPM is suitable for project that requires little change. APM is the preferred choice for unstructured projects. These kinds of projects have a high level of uncertainty and unpredictability about them. APM unlike TPM involves smaller projects.