Motivation In The Workplace Essay -- Business Management

Motivation in the workplace is one of the major concerns that managers face when trying to encourage their employees to work harder and do what is expected of them on a day-to-day basis. According to Organizational Behavior by John R. Schermerhorn, James G. Hunt and Richard N. Osborn the definition of motivation is "the individual forces that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person's effort expended at work." They go on to say that "motivation is a key concern in firms across the globe." Through the years there have been several theories as to what motivates employees to do their best at work. In order to better understand these theories we will apply them to a fictitious organization that has the following three types of employees: salespeople, production workers, and administrative staff. We will discuss which of these theories would or would not be most effective to motivate these employee groups and try to explain why. The motivation theories that will be discussed are: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, ERG (Aldefer), Two-Factor Theory (Herzberg), Equity Theory (Adams), and the Expectancy Theory (Vroom). Let's start with salespeople. Salespeople Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory says that there are five levels of individual needs from self-actualization and esteem at the top levels, to social, safety and physiological levels at the bottom. Maslow felt that some of these needs are more important than others and that the important ones must be satisfied before the rest of a person's needs can be satisfied. Since a salespersons basic responsibility is to sell merchandise this motivational theory would not be a good choice for an organization to use to motivate them. The reason for this is because s... ...nt from one culture to another and even from one individual to another. Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory emphasizes a unique frustration-regression component. This means a lower-level need can become activated when a higher-level need cannot be satisfied. This would not be a good motivation theory for administrative staff since their goal is to usually get ahead. Both the Equity and Expectancy theories focus on thought processes. The equity theory may or may not motivate administrative staff depending on how each individual perceives the fairness of their work outcomes relative to others. The Expectancy theory does not specify which rewards will motivate particular groups of workers. Individual motivation directly determines work effort, and the key to motivation is the ability to create a work setting that positively responds to individual needs and goals.

Breakfast of Champions: Life With Others Essay -- Breakfast of Champio

Breakfast of Champions: Life With Others  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      For anyone who has ever wondered what the meaning of life is, it is to be the eyes and ears of the Creator of the Universe, if one believes Kurt Vonnegut's Breakfast of Champions (1973). In Breakfast of Champions the protagonist, Kilgore Trout, is a lonely science fiction writer who lives in a hole in the dredges of New York City. His only work published was "to give bulk to books and magazines of salacious pictures" ( 21). Finally catching his break, Trout is invited to the Midland City Arts Festival, home of Dwayne Hoover. Hoover, who is a wealthy car salesman, owns a share of virtually everything in Midland City. However, Hoover is on the brink of insanity at this time and is thinking that one of the artists at the festival will help him find the solution to his quest for fulfillment. Vonnegut uses characters from diverse lifestyles to develop his discouraging views of humanity. Through comical writing, Vonnegut shows how love, relationships, ideas and even gossip can have strong effects on humans and society. Sometimes people don't realize the effects of words on other people. In Breakfast of Champions, Dwayne Hoover comes to this realization the hard way. Already having a bad day, Hoover runs into one of his employees named Harry. Not too fond of the way Harry dresses, feeling he is too bland, Hoover addresses him. "Harry, why don't you get a bunch of cotton waste from Vern Garr, soak it in Blue Suncoe* and burn up your f-cking wardrobe?" (46). Later in the chapter, he ridicules Harry's appearance again. "I have some news for you: modern science has given us a whole lot of wonderful colors, with strange, exciting names like red!, orange!, green!, and pink!"(48)... ...54). Hoover got up from the table to go on a eleven person beating rampage which included: his son Bunny, mistress Francine and Kilgore Trout. "It shook up Trout to realize that even he could bring evil into the world-- in the form of bad ideas" (15). Due to Hoover, Trout realized how powerful his words were, went on to win the Nobel Prize for medicine. Trout and Hoover's derogatory comments and unthoughtful actions served to discourage and devastate people's lives around them. The satirical comedy which the novel is perceived by the reader makes it humorous, but as the story unfolds it becomes depressing. There is a sense of truth in Vonnegut's disturbing view of humanity. The road of life is set out for people to travel, being careful of ones actions will make it less bumpy. Work Cited Vonnegut , Kurt. Breakfast of Champions. Dell Publishing Co. 1973

Waste Dumpsite and Proximity to Residential Apartments

Close proximity of waste dump sites to residential properties and its effects on valuation Value Is defined as an amount expressed In medium of exchange that Is thought to be a fair exchange for something or the adequate or satisfactory return on or recompense for a commodity. According to experts, the worth of such exchange Is its market value. This provides the principal yardstick for measuring the worth of properties and other similar commodities.Environmental characteristics which are manifested in the form of pull and push effect of the neighborhood, have the push effects characterized by proliferation of squatter settlements, air and water pollution, squalid condition of environmental sanitation, and breakdown of waste disposal arrangement while the pull effect could be good roads, schools etc. When properties are in close proximity to environmental factors which could lead to push effects like waste dump sites, they demand special assessment on the part of the Estate Surveyors and Values Lowell Belle, an expert has said.Although improper solid asset disposal Is hazardous to health, It also affects the value of the properties around the waste. This problem x-rays the plight of many who out of desperation to get shelter, live under such Inconvenient conditions even at ridiculous rates. The question therefore is: what techniques do the average Nigerian valued adopt in valuing properties close to waste dump sites? Are the techniques different from those used in properties not close to dump site or any environmental hazards?There is no gainsaying that the problem of waste management across the country as reached an alarming state. Waste dumps continually have effect on the values of the properties in the areas where they are located and the adverse effect of this waste on property values in cannot be overstressed. Some factors usually considered in placing values on residential properties include infrastructure facilities such as water, electricity and good d rainage channel; not excluding also excellent road network, free flow of traffic; location and waste disposal management.Improper waste management poses a serious health hazard to people living around he wastes as the disposal sites carry along rodents, Insects and other vermin, which could transmit diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea, cholera among others. In a valuation bid, the value of a landed interest is estimated by assessing the possible monetary worth a potential buyer would place on a property with respect to its features and other environmental factors which could act as price facilitators or otherwise.For instance, persons familiar with Jota and its environs can attest to the fact that the environment reeks of horrid smells that stem from the burning of peps of refuse at the dump site. Day after day, passersby, motorists all complain bitterly about this environmental mess. However, mostly affected are the residents of the area who apparently have resigned to fate. A particular resident who spoke to Property Index anonymously, said whenever refuse Is burnt at the dump site , their houses are usually covered In smoke.Adding that not all residents have the luxury to own air-conditioning units hence the need to open the windows to allow ‘fresh oaf respiratory system. Location features such as this have to an extent, played down on the estimated market value of properties in close proximity to such dump site as this. In 2008, researchers used various research methods to determine the effect of waste dump sites on property values in Luscious neighborhood Jota and it was found that property values increase with distance away from dumpiest.In same vein, a research was conducted on the willingness of residents to pay for environmental amenities such as waste water disposal, electricity supplies and neighborhood roads at Azure in Undo State. The study identified households' income, distance away from the refuse dump site as one of the m ajor factors that influenced household's willingness to pay for better environmental services. It recommended diligent consideration in the location of dump sites and adoption of Public-Private Initiative in the provision of public infrastructure.The study also established that real estate values are readily influenced by residents' willingness to pay for both structural as well as neighborhood characteristics where the real estate is located. In closing, hen properly examined, the environmental problems experienced by occupants of properties close to waste dump sites and the value of their properties is an issue of great economic concern cutting across not only Lagos metropolis but other states of the federation.This menacing situation would only repel rather than attract potential buyers/tenants and also reduce the worth of such properties . If the usefulness and value for money are issues to go by and chief among the factors considered in valuating property is location, then it m ay not be out of place to assert hat close proximity of dump sites to properties is not the best for the discerning real estate investor who is serious about making it big in the industry.While location may Just be one of the important factors to consider, it is however not all that matters. However, in this case, health is concerned and the average Nigerian does not take issues bordering on health with levity. Thus, the business of housing in such areas may be a thing of the past soon if the unseemly situation of improper waste management is left unabated.

Pulp Fiction: Shortcomings of a “Neo-Noir” Essay

The remarkable stylistic conventions of classical film noir have made it one of the most memorable and recognizable film genres to this day. Each film noir picture is uniquely told though it use of degrees of darkness, contrasting lighting, rain-covered city streets, isolated protagonist, and devious dames that effortlessly lure men into a cold trap of criminal deeds. Pulp Fiction, a film by Quentin Tarantino, is said to be one of film noir’s strongest roots with its setting of a dark, criminal underworld. While the film does play around the edges of traditional film noir, it cannot be accurately be claimed a â€Å"neo-noir† due to several variances it takes with some of the most fundamental elements of film noir. Many visual and narrative devices have taken a different route in such a manner that one cannot classify it as conventional film noir. One of the most obvious breaks that Pulp Fiction makes from traditional film noir is the film being shot primarily in the day time. When one thinks of film noir, they automatically think darkness because it is always the film’s visual theme. The symbolic use of heavy shadows and key lighting is what makes film noir so great and gives the overall grim mood to the picture. When the murders occur the lighting is very dark, and most of the time, only illuminates the killers face as he is firing the bullets such as in The Killers when the two assassins come and kill the Swede. This style shows how emotionless the murders are as we only focus on their face from the lighting, thus giving the audience a very cold and dark feeling. We never get this feeling or situation in Pulp Fiction as all of the killing is done in the daytime, with the room well lit. There are no murders at night; in fact there are only two night scenes shot in the entire movie. There is not as much emotion or overall visual effect that we usually see with murders in film noir. A similarity we see between classic film noir and Pulp fiction that adds to the visual detail of the film is constant smoking. Almost every character in Pulp Fiction smokes and they do it every chance they get. In classical film noir this smoking added to the effect of the darkness and lighting because the rooms where always filled with smoke which increased the feeling of uncertainty and gloom. In Pulp fiction, it has a greatly diminished symbolic effect because of the shots always being in the daytime. The only scene that compares to classic film noir is the shot of Butch in the taxicab with Esmarelda. This shot is the only one in the entire film that comes closest to a typical noir setting. This scene is shot at night in a cab traveling in the city streets of Los Angles. There is heavy contrast lighting from the streetlights and the camera angle is shot from the third-person facing the two characters in the car. From this view the audience gets a great visual picture of their face s because of the contrast of light that only illuminates both Butch and Esmarelda. Butch asks for a cigarette and Esmarelda gives him one right away, striking the match on the dash as we see in most noir films. Now the setting is dark and the car is filling with smoke, which gives a great setting for Esmarelda to ask, â€Å"what does it feel like to kill a man?† This moment is a perfect resurrection of classical film noir because we see the murderer and a questionable femme fatale having strong interest on what it is like to take a life. As Butch claims that he did not know that he killed the man until she told him, there is a pause, and then he tells her that he does not feel â€Å"a damn thing.† This is the cold moment we see from the noir style but they usually last much longer in traditional film noir. In contrast, the scene in Pulp Fiction ends abruptly as Butch leaves the taxi and goes home to Fabienne, whom he is having an intimate relationship with. The mood of the movie completely changes and all possible questions about Esmarelda being the femme fatale are erased as she is now out of the story. This scene is as close as we get to a typical noir setting with all the elements of darkness, lighting, and smoke combined to create a better feeling of how cold Butch is towards killing another man. A film noir with out a femme fatale is hardly a film noir at all. Often called â€Å"spider woman† they play the most important role in all film noir as they weave a trap to which our male antagonist always falls into creating the plot and crime of the story. â€Å"Independence is her goal but her nature is fundamentally and irredeemably sexual in film noir† (Place 6). In Pulp fiction, the audience is drawn in to believe that Mia is our femme fatale as the first time we are introduced to her all we hear is her seductive voice and then the camera flashes to a shot of just her lips, covered in fresh red lipstick. The next shot we see of her is only her feet as she tells Vincent it is time to go. This is a typical visual style we see in noir as it shows how the man begins to get seduced such as the shot of Phyllis’ legs as she goes down the staircase in Double Indemnity. With the background knowledge of Mia being the millionaires, Marsellus Wallace’s wife, we are led to think that she is a typical femme fatale who wants to escape like Kathie in Out of the Past. As they go out on their date, Vincent and Mia have some of the same back and forth flirtatious dialogue that we see in film noir such as when Mia says, â€Å"That’s when you’ve found somebody really special, when you can just shut the fuck up for a minute, and comfortably share a silence.† They have a good time, win a dance competition, and it seems as if Mia is certainly seductive enough towards Vincent to get him trapped when they get home. It is exactly at this point that the typical principles of film noir begin to fall apart. Vincent takes himself in the bathroom and has a self-debate on whether or not to sleep with the boss’s wife. In traditional film noir, rational is completely taken over by impulse and the male-lead always falls into some kind of trap. In Pulp fiction, Vincent decides that he is just going to say goodbye and rejects the advances of the femme fatale, which is completely out of line if we want to classify this film as noir. Immediately after, Mia overdoses which completely changes the entire mood of the movie. We are no longer thinking about Mia seducing Vincent, it has now turned into a climactic struggle to save Mia’s life. Although Mia has her juicy red lips, smooth voice, and powerful sexuality, her downfall proves that there is no place for a character such as a femme fatale in this movie. â€Å"Her failure as an actress and her later overdose leaves her weak, powerless and deathly pale, a far cry from the sexually potent and glamorous fatales of the classical noir period† (Em L, â€Å"Film in Focus†). A feature in Pulp fiction that related to classic film noir was the use of a non-sequential narrative structure. Although Pulp fiction did not use the exact same structure, the events were seen out of chronological order. The structure typically seen in noir is encompassed by on overall flashback that gives detail and explanation of the downfall of the male protagonist. Stories in film noir typically begin at the end or middle, and the flashback us usually narrated by the protagonist. In these fist-person voice-over narrations we learn how the protagonist got to the situation he is in now. Since the character is relating the story directly to the audience, we are able to create a connection with the character, and understand his disturbed thoughts. Pulp fiction takes a different approach, as there is no specific male protagonist in the film. Instead of one person illustrating events from past to present, we are given multiple characters experiences in various timeframes. The audience is show different points of departure from each character in the story and the story rewinds and we experience the same timeframe but from someone else’s point of view. This continues until we come full circle to the robbery scene, where now, all of the pieces of the puzzle have been put together. â€Å"Director Quentin Tarantino said he was aiming to make a trilogy taking elements of the old crime stories and mixing them together† (Blake, â€Å"Linear Narrative†). â€Å"Part of the trick is to take these movie characters, these genre characters and these genre situations and actually apply them to some of real life’s rules and see how they unravel† (Tarantino). Although this was a great style to put the movie together it is unclear if it could be used to show the downfall of the protagonist. The flashback marks the solidified fate of the noir heroes, showing how he was doomed from the start. If the audience has to relate to many characters rather than just one, the powerful connection we get in film noir is lost. The most noticeable and prominent variation from the framework of film noir in Pulp Fiction is the rejection of pessimism expected from the conclusion of the film. All noir heroes are doomed from the start. Since the flashback structure is completely different than classic film noir we do not see how any of the characters are trapped in a fate they cannot escape. In fact, almost everyone does get a happy ending. Jules decides he is done being a hit man after is â€Å"divine intervention† and says that he is not going to kill a man again but become a sheppard for the lord. Butch is free to go after he comes back for Marsellus who was getting raped by Zed. Vincent does die but with the timeline out of order he is killed in the middle in the movie rather than in the end where he walks out of the restaurant with Jules. Even Ringo and Yolanda have a happy ending as Jules teaches them a lesson and they still get away with lots of money. Noir films are supposed to leave the audience with a dark and cold feeling, which was definitely not the case here. The pessimistic tone we get from the confessional nature of the flashback creates the view of negativity that last the entirety of the film. Film noir may even be called it’s own genre because of its many visual and narrative elements that made it like no other style. It was a â€Å" world of darkness and violence, with a central figure whose motives are usually greed, lust and ambition, whose world is filled with fear (Higham 27). Although Pulp Fiction carries some of these elements it should not be classified as a â€Å"neo noir† as it lacks some of the greatest aspects that made film noir so special. If it is the roots of film noir, it greatly undermines the movement that was like no other ever scene in American cinema. Works Cited Em L. â€Å"Film in Focus: Suburban Noir & Pulp Fiction.† Film Student Central. N.p., 11 Oct. 2009. Web. 20 June 2012. . Higham, Charles, and Joel Greeburg. â€Å"Noir Cinema.† Film Noir Reader. New Jersey: Limelight Editions, 1996. 27. Print. Place, Janey. â€Å"Women in Film Noir.† N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. Blake, CG. â€Å"Linear vs. Non-linear Narrative.† A New Fiction Writers Forum. N.p., 6 Dec. 2011. Web. 21 June 2012. .

To investigate the effect to the potato cells in the different solute concentration water Essay

Water can move through the different cells due to the difference of water potentials in the cells. If there is a higher solute concentration in the cell than outside the cell, the water will move into the cell. However, if the concentration of inside the cell is lower than the outside, water will not move into the cell. This process is called osmosis. Research question; This investigation will determine how different concentrated sugar water will affect to the mass change of the potato cells using the concept of osmosis. Hypothesis; I predict that the potato slice in beaker C will gain the most increased mass than beaker B and C. The reason is that since beaker C has a highest concentration among the test beakers, it will affect the most to the potato cells. The movement of water will move actively in beaker C. Variables; Independent Variable In this experiment the independent variable will be the sucrose concentration of water. This is controlled by using a specific amount of sugar that we pour into the distilled water. We will do the activity in the solutions with concentration of 0, 0.25, 0.50%. Dependent Variable The dependent variable will be the size of potato slices that goes into the solutions. This depends on the various environmental factors during making a slice of potato such as the thickness of core or the peel of potato. Thus it could differ during the experiment. Controlled Variable Anything that can change the result of this experiment will be the controlled variables. Therefore, we need to control variables that can be controlled to get the most accurate and reliable data in this experiment. Also the purpose of an experiment is to find out the cause of the lab and how it affects. Without these variables, it would b e difficult to determine which cause made the effect out of the lab. Water Level; Clearly if we have higher level of water in the beaker to make concentrated sugar water, the concentration will be lower than the less level of water. To get the consistent data, we need to control the level of water in the same level possible. Size of Cores; We will use the slices of potato in this lab, and if we have different sizes of potato slices due to the different sizes of cores that we have used to make a slices, the result will be vary as the size gets bigger or smaller. Therefore, during the lab, we need to use the same type and size of the cores. Type of Potatoes; If there are different types of potatoes, the osmosis that happens to the potato from the sugar water will not be the same. This needs to be controlled by using a same type of potato to get the most accurate data possible. Time of submersion; If one potato slice has stayed in the solution longer than the other sets, the data is not reliable because it is not experimented in equal amount of time. In order to get the reliable data, we need to measure the time equally and record it to the data paper. Size of the petri dish; We need to use the same size of the petri dishes to collect the reliable and accurate data. Different size of the petri dishes will boost or slow down the osmosis in the potato cells. Humidity; Humidity near the experiment place will also affect to the experiment. If the pace is hot and dry, the solution may evaporate soon due to the particles inside the solution absorbs the heat. Also when it is cold, the osmosis may not work normally. Due to these facts, we need to control the size of the petri dishes to get the best data possible. Temperature of the solutions; If the solution A’s temperature is higher than the solution B and C, it will affect to the speed and rate of the osmosis. In order to get the reliable and best data, we need to control the temperature of the solutions in to equal celsius possible. Apparatus; 3 different concentrated solutions (0, 25, 50 mol/dm^3) Beakers Pipettes Potato cores Balance Measuring cylinder Petri dishes Black pen Ruler Potato slices Procedure; 1. Using black pen to label the 3 different concentrated solutions and label them A, B and C. (Each solutions contain 100ml) 2. Record the physical properties of the potato slices. Place the slices of potatoes into the each petri dishes and label them a, b and c. 3. Pour the solutions in to each petri dishes about 36ml. (A to a, B to b, C to c) 4. Wait for 2 days.

Summary response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary response paper - Essay Example Moreau, the classic science fiction novel by famed author Herbert George Wells in which animals and humans were grafted into each other in various combinations, producing instead a distinct class of sub-humans. Anything that is considered as cruel, unusual or painful experimentation on animals is now prohibited due to the adoption of these ethical standards as a safeguard against unauthorized experiments. Moral ethics has been around for quite some time; the issues related to it had been discussed in great detail by the ancient Greek philosophers. Ethics today has entered into many areas of human endeavors, such as its increasing adoption by global businesses in the form of corporate social responsibility that has tempered the search for profits under capitalist free markets. Giant strides in medical technologies only fairly recently presented a new set of moral dilemmas, for which people are sometimes not too prepared to deal with, issues like euthanasia, abortion, organ donations, brain death, palliative medicine and the surrogate pregnancy trend in which more women are now willing to rent out their wombs for a fee. In this regard, this paper examines the biomedical issues related to whether animals also have the same rights as people and the propriety of continuing conducting experiments on animals. Discussion In his well-argued article entitled â€Å"The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research† and published in The New England Journal of Medicine back in 1986, Carl Cohen claims that animal experiments should continue because the arguments against them, that the animals have rights which are being violated and all sentient creatures must not suffer pain or any kind of unnecessary or avoidable suffering, are both wrong from a moral perspective. His succinct explanations debunked the two arguments put forward by animal rights advocates on the basis of animals having no rights at all because they have no moral capacity to make any choices or g ive consent, and secondly, the animals â€Å"are not capable of grasping the generality of an ethical premise in a practical syllogism† and it is only humans who can think at a highly abstract level (Cohen 96). With this in mind, he therefore strongly argues in favor of animal experiments for the benefit of science and mankind, in the hope that these experiments will be able to provide benefits for patients with new drug discoveries as well as also sparing humans from being used in biomedical research studies as the subjects themselves, in lieu of animals. A close analysis will show that Prof. Cohen leans towards utilitarianism as his justification. I do not agree nor accept the stance of Prof. Carl Cohen that animals have no rights. The argument he used is that of speciesism, which he did not equate with racism or sexism as it is something entirely different altogether. What he is doing is bordering on casuistry (or hair splitting) and he is likewise equally guilty of the sa me accusations he had leveled against his critics, mainly that of â€Å"drawing an offensive moral conclusion from a deliberately devised verbal parallelism that is utterly specious.† Cohen argued that animal species are not the same and therefore do not have the same rights in an equal measure, but rather that Peter Singer is grossly mistaken to formulate and defend his â€Å"principle of equal consideration of interests†

Statement of Purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Purpose - Personal Statement Example Criminology is my favorite subject and I think this is a right time for me to go further in the field of criminology as I have not only completed my bachelor degree but also I fully determined to establish my career in criminal justice department. My good grades in the criminology related subjects, which I studied at bachelor level, also show my extreme interest and aptitude in the field of criminal justice. Another reason why am I interested in the master degree program that is being offered by the University of South Florida is my passion and determination to obtain master degree from one of the top universities of the world. I am seeking my professional career in criminal justice, and that can be possible if I study under guidance of highly experienced faculty of this university. My English language proficiency, educational background in criminal justice, and interest in this field make me a suitable candidate for getting admission in the University of South Florida. The Universit y of South Florida is known for its talented faculty not only in the fields of accounting, public health, and arts, but also in all other courses that are being offered by the university. It is due to the well-experienced faculty of University of South Florida, that today I feel very pleased while thinking of doing my masters from this university.